Category : Word Processors
Archive   : TRS141F.ZIP
Filename : MID-EAST.R13

This file is in rot13 form. Please read the enclosed manual
before trying to read it.
---- PHG URER -----

Sebz Ghr Sro 25 15:35 1992
Sebz: Zvq-Rnfg Vasb
Fhowrpg: Ubj gb ernq guvf svyr?
Qngr: Ghr, Sro 25 15:35 1992

Guvf svyr vf va HA*K znvyobk sbezng. Guhf, vg vf orfg ernq

Ba HA*K: Hfr lbhe snibevgr HA*K R-znvy ernqre. Glcvpnyyl lbh jvyy
jevgr:

% znvy -s svyranzr
% ryz -s svyranzr

Ba ZF-QBF: Hfr gur rkpryyrag ERNQZNVY.RKR CP cebtenz (ol Wrebra
Fpuvccre) jvgu gur Havk urnqre qrsvavgvba. Gur pbzznaq gb or hfrq
vf:

P> ERNQZNVY /N svyranzr

Fvapr gur svyr vf cher NFPVV, lbh pna hfr nal rqvgbe be svyr-ivrjre gb
ernq naq cevag vg.

Sebz Ghr Sro 25 15:35 1992
Sebz: Unax Ahffonpure, Xnearv Fubzeba, Vfenry.
Fhowrpg: Gur Uvmohyynu
Qngr: Ghr, Sro 25 15:35 1992

Uvmohyynu
=========
Uvmohyynu, orgjrra gur crevbq bs Wna 1982-Nht 1988 jnf erfcbafvoyr
sbe 51 xvqanccvatf va Yronaba, be 53% bs nyy gubfr xvqanccrq qhevat gung
gvzr senzr va Yronaba. Uvmohyynu hfrf znal anzrf: Vfynzvp Wvunq,
Eribyhgvbanel Whfgvpr Betnavmngvba, Gur Bccerffrq ba Rnegu & Ubyl
Svtugref sbe Serrqbz, Serr Crbcyr'f Qrsrafr, Fgehttyref sbe Serrqbz gb
anzr whfg n srj.

Sebz Ghr Sro 25 15:35 1992
Sebz: Unax Ahffonpure, Xnearv Fubzeba, Vfenry.
Fhowrpg: Crbcyr xvqanccrq ol gur Uvmohyynu
Qngr: Ghr, Sro 25 15:35 1992

Gur sbyybjvat vf n yvfg bs crbcyr gur Uvmohyynu unq xvqanccrq va Yronaba
bire n crevbq sebz 1982 gvyy Whar 1988.

Xvqanc Anzr
qngr
------- -----------------------
07/19/82 Qnivq Qbqtr, HFN
01/17/84 Noqnyynu Uhffrva ny
Snenfu, Fnhqv Nenovn
02/10/84 Senax Ertvre, HFN
02/15/84 Puevfgvna Wbhoreg, Senapr
03/07/84 Wrerzl Yriva, HFN
03/16/84 Jvyyvnz Ohpxyrl,HFN
05/08/84 Orawnzva Jrve, HFN
12/03/84 Crgre Xvyohea, HFN
01/03/85 Revp Jureyv, Fjvgm.
01/08/85 Ynjerapr Wrapb, HFN
03/14/85 Trbsserl Anfu, HX
03/15/85 Oevna Yrivpx, HX
03/16/85 Greel Naqrefba, HFN
03/22/85 Znepry Pnegba, Senapr
03/22/85 Znepry Sbagnvar, Senapr
03/22/85 Qnavryyr Crerm, Senapr
05/22/85 Wrna-Cnhy Xnhsznaa, Se.
05/22/85 Zvpury Frheng, Senapr
05/27/85 Qraavf Uvyy, HX
05/28/85 Qnivq Wnpbofra, HFN
06/09/85 Gubznf Fhgureynaq, HFN
07/11/85 Jnwrq Qbhznav, Xhjnvg
09/30/85 Nexnqv Xngnxbi, Inyrel
Xbearri, Byrt Fcveva,
Avxbynv Firefxl, HFFE
02/86 Znepry Pbhqel, Senapr
03/08/86 Cuvyvccr Ebpubg, Senapr
03/08/86 Trbetrf Unafra, Senapr
03/08/86 Bery Pbearn, Senapr
03/08/86 Wrna Ybhvf Abeznaqva, Se.
04/08/86 Zvpury Oevna, Senapr
04/17/86 Wbua ZpPnegul, HX
04/28/86 Cnanlvbgvf Gvexnf,
Fgniebf Lvnaanxv, Plcehf
05/07/86 Pnzvyyr Fbagntr, Senapr
09/09/86 Senax Errq, HFN
09/12/86 Wbfrcu Pvpvccvb, HFN
09/28/86 Wrna-Znep Febhffv, Senapr
10/21/86 Rqjneq Genpl, HFN
01/12/87 Onxre ny-Qnzanhev, Fnhqv
Nenovn
01/13/87 Ebtre Nhdhr, Senapr
01/17/87 Ehqbycu Pbeqrf, Treznal
01/20/87 Greel Jnvgr, HX
01/21/87 Nyserq Fpuzvqg, Treznal
01/24/87 Wrffr Gheare, Nyna
Fgrra, Eboreg Cbyuvyy,
HFN
01/24/87 Fvatu Zvguvyrfujne, Vaqvn
01/26/87 Xunyrq Qvo, Fnhqvn Nenovn
06/17/87 Puneyrf Tynff, HFN
01/27/88 Enycu Fpuenl, Treznal
02/17/88 Yg Pby Uvttvaf, HFN
----qngn hc gb Whar 22, 1988----

Sebz Ghr Sro 25 15:35 1992
Sebz: Unax Ahffonpure, Xnearv Fubzeba, Vfenry.
Fhowrpg: Fbzr Uvmohyynu ovttre bcrengvbaf
Qngr: Ghr, Sro 25 15:35 1992

Nzbat gurve ovttre bcrengvbaf:

Ncevy 18, 1983: Pne obzo ng Nzrevpna rzonffrl va Orvehg. 16 qrnq,
120 vawherq

Bpg 23, 1983: Pne obzo ng znevar UD va Orvehg. 240 qrnq, 40 vawherq.

Bpg 23, 1983: Pne obzo ng Serapu zhygv-angvbany UD va Orvehg. 74
qrnq, 15 vawherq.

Abi 4, 1983: Pne obzo ng Vfenryv UD va Gmhe. 30 qrnq, 29 vawherq.

Frc 20, 1984: Obzovat ng Nzrevpna rzonffnl va Orvehg. 20 qrnq, 16
vawherq.

Znepu 10, 1985: Pne obzo ng srapr arne Zrghyyn. 12 qrnq, 20 vawherq.


Sebz Ghr Sro 25 15:35 1992
Sebz: Unax Ahffonpure, Xnearv Fubzeba, Vfenry.
Fhowrpg: Gur Uvmohyynu naq Zhffnjv
Qngr: Ghr, Sro 25 15:35 1992

Fvapr gur Znqevq pbasrerapr, bs gur 45 greebevfg npgf nggrzcgrq
ntnvafg Vfenry sebz Yronaba, gur Uvmohyynu naq Zhffnjnv unf orra
erfcbafvoyr sbe 20.

Zhffnjnv urycrq fgneg gur Uvmmohynu va 1982. Bar bs uvf cevzr wbof
jnf Pbzznaqvat Bcrengvbaf Bssvpre ntnvafg Vfenry. Fvapr 1985 ur unf uryq
gung cbfvgvba naq unf qverpgrq nyy greebevfg bcrengvbaf ntnvafg Vfenry
(ur jnf abg n pyrevp).

Uvf haqretebhaq avpxanzr jnf "Noh Lnfve". Uvf gvgyr bs furvx ur qvq
abg rnea. Vg jnf tvira gb uvz gb tvir uvz n "eryvtvbhf" nccrnenapr
gb gur Jrfg. Gur gehr fcvevghny yrnqre bs gur Uvmmohynu vf Furvx
Uhffnva Snqynyyn. Hcba gur svany eryrnfr bs gur Nzrevpna ubfgntrf
va Orvehg 3 zbaguf ntb, Zhffnjnv tnir n cerff vagreivrj va juvpu ur
fnvq, "Jr unir eryrnfrq gur Jrfgrea ubfgntrf, ohg jr jvyy xvqanc
zber Vfenryvf. Jr rkcrpg nccebkvzngryl 20 lrnef bs artbgvngvbaf gb
svanyvmr gur eryrnfr bs Vfenryv CBJ obqvrf."

Sebz Ghr Zne 03 15:35 1992
Sebz: Unax Ahffonpure, Xnearv Fubzeba, Vfenry.
Fhowrpg: Yronarfr wrjf naq gur `betnavmngvba bs gur bccerffrq ba rnegu'.
Qngr: Ghr, Zne 03 15:35 1992


YRONARFR WRJF XVQANCCRQ NAQ ERCBEGRQYL XVYYRQ OL GUR BETNAVMNGVBA BS
GUR BCCERFFRQ BA RNEGU

1. Unvz Pbura ,38, xvyyrq Qrprzore 1985
2. Vfnnp Gneeno, 75, xvyyrq Qrprzore 1985
3. Voenuvz(Noenunz) Oravfgv,34, xvyyrq Sroehnegl 1986.

Gur obqvrf bs gur nobir guerr ivpgvzf jrer sbhaq qhzcrq ba gur fgerrg
va Jrfg Orvehg. Gur greebevfg tebhc fhofrdhragyl naabhaprq vg jbhyq
abg eryrnfr gur obqvrf bs gur sbyybjvat bguref vg pynvzf gb unir
rkrphgrq nf "fcvrf" hagvy Vfenry zrg nyy bs vgf qrznaqf:

4. Qe. Ryvr Unyynx,59, crqvngevpvna, xabja nf gur "Qbpgbe bs gur
Cbbe" sbe uvf cuvynaguebcvp jbex, ryrpgrq Ivpr cerfvqrag bs gu
rWrjvfu pbzzhavgl va 1984. Rkrphgvba naabhaprrq Sroehnel 19, 1986.

5.Ryvr Febhe, 50, na ryrpgevpny ratvarre, Qrprzore 30, 1986.
6.Lbhffrs(wbfrcu) Oravfgv, 33, Qrprzore 30, 1986.
7.Uraev(Nuneba) Znaa Eviv, 50, Qrprzore 30, 1986.
8.Lruhqn Oravfgv, 70, ergverq znantre bs Onax Fnsen. Rkrphgvba
naabhaprq wnahnel 12, 1987. Uvf fbaf Noenunz naq Wbfrcu jrer nzbat
gubfr xvyyrq gur cerivbhf lrne.
9. Zbfg cebonoyl Vfnnp Fnffba, 66, Cerfvqrag bs gu rYronarfr Wrjvfu
pbzzhavgl. Rkrphgvba bs "Ryvr Febhe" jnf ntnva naabhaprq Whar 20,
1987, ohg gur cvpgher nppbzcnalvat gur naabhaprzrag erfrzoyrq ze.
Fnffba naq gu rivpgvz jnf vqragvsvrq nf "gur Cerfvqrag bs gu rUvture
Wrjvfu Pbhapvy va Yronaba." Ze. Fnffba, qverpgbe bs gu
rcuneznprhgvpny qvivfvba bs Xunyvy Snggny & Svyf, n znwbe Yronarfr
genqvat pbzcnal, jnf xvqanccrq ba Znepu 31,1985 arne Orvehg nvecbeg
ba uvf erghea sebz n ohfvarff gevc.

Va nqqvgvba, Fnyvz Wnzzbhf, 61, frpergnel-trareny bs gur Yronarfr
Wrjvfu pbzzhavgl, jnf noqhpgrq arne gur znva flantbthr va Jrfg Orvehg
ba Nhthfg 15, 1984. Ab jbeq nobhg uvf sngr unf orra erprvirq. (nf bs
8/14/89)


Vqrbybtvpnyyl naq bcrengvbanyyl yvaxrq, be vf n avxpanzr bs gur Venavna
onpxrq Urmobyynu, Gur Betnavmngvba bs gur Bccerfrfrq ba Rnegu'f anzr jnf
nccneragyl vafcverq ol Nlngbyynu Xubzrvav, jub qrpynerq va n 1979
zrrgvat jvgu gur Flevna Sbervta Zvavfgre (Nhthfg 16, 1979), "V ubcr gung
n cnegl haqre gur anzr 'Cnegl bs gur Bccerffrq' jvyy or sbezrq
guebhtubhg gur jbeyq...gb npghnyvmr gur cebzvfr bs Vfynz, juvpu zrnaf
gur ervta bs gur bccerffrq bire gur bccerffbef naq gurve vaurevgnapr bs
gur rnegu." Guvf arj cnegl jbhyq gevhzcu "ntnvafg gurve bccerffbef, ng
gur urnq bs juvpu ner gur pevzvany Nzrevpn naq vgf zbfg pbeehcg freinag,
Vfenry."

N tebhc ornevat guvf anzr fhesnprq va Orvehg va Qrprzore 1985, jura vg
naabhaprq gur rkrphgvba bs gjb Yronarfr Wrjf vg unq xvqanccrq va znepu.
Gjb nqqvgvbany wrjvfu ubfgntrf jrer ercbegrqyl xvyyrq ol guvf rkgerzvfg
tebhc va Sroehnel 1986 orpnhfr, vg fnvq, Vfenry snvyrq gb zrrg vgf
qrznaqf gb eryrnfr nyy Yronarfr naq Cnyrfgvavna cevfbaref uryq va Fbhgu
Yronaba. Bayl gu rsvefg guerr obqvrf, nf abgrq nobir, jrer sbhaq, qhzcrq
ba gur fgerrgf bs Orvehg. Gur pbebare ercbegrq gung gur obql bs gur
guveq ivpgvz, Noenunz Oravfgv, ober fvtaf bs gbegher naq gung ur unq
orra fubg gjvpr naq fgenatyrq.


Sebz Zba, Why 20 08:00 1992
Sebz: Thl Orpube
Fhowrpg: YnGrK svyr: Gur Vfynzvp Wvunq...
Qngr: Zba, Why 20 08:00 1992

\gvgyr{Gur Vfynzvp Wvunq: n Anzr sbe n Ybat Yvfg bs Shaqnzragnyvfg Tebhcf}
\nhgube{Thl Orpube \\ ``Un'nergm''}
\qngr{Znepu 19, 1992%
\sbbgabgr{
Fpnaavat, nccylvat BPE fbsgjner, genafyngvba vagb \YnGrK{}
sbezng naq fbzr cebbsernqvat qbar ol Lbffv Tvy.
Nyy reebef vagebqhprq va guvf cebprff ner zl
bja erfcbafvovyvgl [LT].
Irefvba'f qngr: \gbqnl{}.
}
}

\qbphzragfglyr[12cg,shyycntr]{negvpyr}
\frgyratgu\cnefrc{1.5rk}

\ortva{qbphzrag}
\znxrgvgyr

``Gur Vfynzvp Wvunq vf bar bs gur zbfg pbzcyrk naq qnatrebhf bs gur
Neno naq Cnyrfgvavna greebevfg betnavmngvbaf,'' jevgrf greebe rkcreg
Obnm Tnabe va n cncre ur choyvfurq nobhg gur betnavmngvba.

``Vg unf znal tebhcf naq pryyf va Zvqqyr Rnfgrea pbhagevrf naq,
nccneragyl, va Rhebcr nf jryy, juvpu trarenyyl npg ba gurve bja
vavgvngvir jvgubhg ab vagrepbbeqvangvba. Jung nyy gurfr tebhcf
naq betnavmngvbaf funer vf n shaqnzragnyvfg Vfynzvp vqrbybtl
ba gur bar unaq, juvpu rfcbhfrf ubyl jne (wvunq) ntnvafg
vasvqryf, naq gur cbjreshy vqrbybtvpny-eryvtvbhf vasyhrapr bs
gur Vfynzvp eribyhgvba va Vena. Gur Venavna ertvzr naq gur Vfynzvp
Wvunq tebhcf pbyynobengr pybfryl ng gvzrf.''

Tnabe fgngrf gung fbzr bs gur Vfynzvp Wvunq tebhcf qb abg
erprvir bayl Venavna fhccbeg naq thvqnapr. Gur tebhcf nyfb
znvagnva oebnq pbbcrengvba jvgu inevbhf Cnyrfgvavna betnavmngvbaf,
fhpu nf gung bs Nuzrq Wvoevy.

Tnabe rkcynvaf va gur fghql gung gur pbzcyrkvgl naq terng frperpl
bs gur betnavmngvba, nf jryy nf gur znal tebhcf va Neno pbhagevrf
gung orne guvf anzr, gubhtu univat ab qverpg pbaarpgvba, pnhfr
gur zrqvn zhpu pbashfvba, yrnqvat gb zvfrinyhngvbaf bs gur
fgehpgher, fvmr naq qrcyblzrag bs gur Vfynzvp Wvunq.

Vg vf abg, ur pynvzf, n zhygv-nezrq argjbex, ohg vf engure
pbzcbfrq bs tebhcf naq snpgvbaf juvpu ner bsgra haeryngrq, gubhtu
nyy yvir haqre gur onfvp nzovrapr bs Vena naq Uvmohyynu.

Vg jnf gur Vfynzvp eribyhgvba va Vend juvpu freirq nf gur pngnylfg
sbe gur rzretrapr bs gur inevbhf Wvunq tebhcf va gur Zvqqyr
Rnfg. Nsgre pbafbyvqngvat gur eribyhgvba ng ubzr, gur shaqnzragnyvfg
eribyhgvbanevrf ortna gb rkcbeg gurve vqrbybtl gb bgure Vfynzvp
pbapragengvbaf naq Neno fgngrf, cnegvphyneyl va fbhgurea Yronaba
jurer gurer vf n ynetr Fuv'vgr cbchyngvba, naq va Fhaav nernf.

Gur Vfynzvp Eribyhgvbanel Pbhapvy jnf sbhaqrq va Vena va beqre gb
pbbeqvangr gur inevbhf ceb-Venavna betnavmngvbaf. Vg frag
ercerfragngvirf gb Neno fgngrf naq, guebhtu frezbaf qryvirerq va
gur zbfdhrf, erpehvgrq znal lbhguf vagb gur Wvunq senzrjbex. Fbzr
bs gur arj erpehvgf rira pnzr gb Vena sbe zvyvgnel-greebevfg
genvavat.

Gur Wvunq betnavmngvbaf ner trarenyyl qvssreragvngrq ol pbhagel.
Gur svefg pryyf nccrnerq va Yronaba nsgre gur 1982 jne, yvxr
Uvmohyynu juvpu jnf nyfb obea ng gung gvzr. Zrzoref bs gur Wvunq
tebhcf yrsg gurve onfrf va Jrfg Orvehg naq gur Orxn'n Inyyrl
gb nggnpx Jrfgrea, VQS naq Fbhgu Yronarfr Nezl gnetrgf, naq gb
xvqanc Jrfgrearef va Yronaba. Bar bs gur sberzbfg yrnqref bs gur
Vfynzvp Wvunq va Yronaba vf Vznq Zbenavln, n Yronarfr jub jnf
pybfr gb Sngnu-Nensng hagvy 1982, jura ur wbvarq gur Uvmohyynu.
Ur dhvpxyl ebfr guebhtu gur enaxf bs gung betnavmngvba hagvy ur
jnf nccbvagrq puvrs bs vgf frphevgl nccnenghf. Nf fhpu, Zbenavln
ortna gb bcrengr va Yronaba haqre gur anzr bs ``Vfynzvp Wvunq''.
Erfcbafvoyr sbe n ybat yvfg bs nggnpxf ntnvafg Nzrevpna naq
Jrfgrea gnetrgf va Yronaba, ur znvagnvaf irel tbbq gvrf jvgu
enqvpny ryrzragf va Vena.

Gur bgure Vfynzvp Wvunq tebhcf va Yronaba, fhpu nf gur Cnyrfgvavna
Vfynzvp Wvunq, frrz nyfb gb or pbaarpgrq jvgu Uvmohyynu. Gur zbirzrag
vf npgvir nyfb va Rtlcg, nygubhtu vgf ebbgf gurer cer-qngr gur
Fuv'vgr eribyhgvba va Vena.

Guerr tebhcf bs Vfynzvp snangvpf unir orra npgvir bire gur lrnef
va gur greevgbevrf naq va Wbeqna: Ny-Gnueve ny-Vfynzv; Ny-Wvunq;
naq gur Zhfyvz Oebgureubbq. Haqre gur vasyhrapr bs gur sreibe
trarengrq ol gur Xubzrvav eribyhgvba, gurl yngre sbezrq gur
snpgvbaf bs gur Vfynzvp Wvunq.

Nzbat gur inevbhf snpgvbaf bs gur betnavmngvba va gur greevgbevrf
naq Wbeqna ner gung bs Furvxu Norq ry-Nmvm Bhqn naq Qe.
Snguv Furxnxv, obgu Cnyrfgvavnaf jvgu irel pybfr gvrf gb Vena
naq gb Uvmohyynu (gur Cnyrfgvavna Vfynzvp Wvunq); gung bs Furvxu
Nffnq ny-Gnzvzv (Orvg ny-Zhdnqrf); gung bs Wnoone Nzne, jvgu
pragref bs cbjre va gur greevgbevrf naq va Fhqna; gung bs Nuzrq
Zn'nan; gur Ny-Ndfn Oevtnqr; naq gur Vfynzvp Wvunq Fdhnqf, n
snpgvba eryngrq gb Sngnu'f ``77 Pbzzvggrr'' naq cneg bs gur
Sngnu-Nensng fgevxr sbeprf.

\raq{qbphzrag}

Sebz Zba, Why 20 08:00 1992
Sebz: Fuvzba Funcven
Fhowrpg: YnGrK svyr: Gur Bevtvaf bs Uvmonyynu
Qngr: Zba, Why 20 08:00 1992

\gvgyr{Gur Bevtvaf bs Uvmonyynu%
\sbbgabgr{
bsscevag, Gur Wrehfnyrz Dhnegreyl, Ahzore 46, Fcevat 1988
}
}
\nhgube{Fuvzba Funcven%
\sbbgabagr{
Fuvzba Funcven fcrpvnyvmrf va gur fghql bs Fuvvfz va Yronaba. Na
rneyvre rffnl, ba Vznz Zhfn ny Fnqe, nccrnerq va Gur Wrehfnyrz
Dhnegreyl 44 (Snyy 1987), cc.\ 121--124. Obgu guvf rffnl naq gur
cerivbhf bar ner onfrq ba n ynetr fghql ba enqvpny Fuvvfz va
Yronaba pbaqhpgrq ol gur nhgube ng Gry Nivi Havirefvgl, juvpu vf
gb or choyvfurq ol gur Qnlna pragre sbe ZR Fghqvrf, Gry Nivi
Havirefvgl.
}
}
\qngr{Fcevat 1988%
\sbbgabgr{
Fpnaavat, nccylvat BPE fbsgjner, genafyngvba vagb \YnGrK{}
sbezng naq fbzr cebbsernqvat qbar ol Lbffv Tvy.
Nyy reebef vagebqhprq va guvf cebprff ner zl
bja erfcbafvovyvgl [LT].
Irefvba'f qngr: \gbqnl{}.
}
}

\qbphzragfglyr[12cg,shyycntr]{negvpyr}
\frgyratgu\cnefrc{1.5rk}

\ortva{qbphzrag}
\znxrgvgyr


Cnenyyry gb gur npgvivgl bs Vznz Zhfn ny-Fnqe va Yronaba, na Vfynzvp
Fuvvgr geraq qrirybcrq gurer va gur 1970f juvpu znvagnvarq vgf ncnegarff
naq qvq abg nhgbzngvpnyyl vqragvsl jvgu gur Fnqe'f unaqvjbex. Sbe gur zbfg
cneg gur yrnqvat svtherf bs guvf geraq jrer tenqhngrf bs gur eryvtvbhf
npnqrzvrf va Anwns; bguref unq orra nssvyvngrq jvgu gur Qn'jn cnegl qhevat
gurve erfvqrapr va Vend, sebz juvpu gurl jrer rkcryyrq sbyybjvat gur
nffhzcgvba bs cbjre ol gur On'gu ertvzr va Whyl bs 1968. Gur On'gu, juvpu
gbbx n tenir ivrj bs gur Fuvvgrf' fhoirefvir cebcrafvgvrf, pneevrq bhg
rkgrafvir bcrengvbaf bs fhccerffvba ntnvafg gur npnqrzvrf. Gurve fghqragf
jrer fhowrpgrq gb qrgragvba, gbegher, qrcbegngvba naq rira rkrphgvba. Gurfr
chavgvir zrnfherf pbafgvghgrq n znwbe frg onpx gb gur Fuvvgrf'
betnavmngvbany rssbegf naq trarengrq n jnir bs cebgrfgf va gur Fuvvgr
jbeyq, cevapvcnyyl va Yronaba. Gurer gur fgehttyr ntnvafg gur Vendv On'gu
ertvzr jnf yrq ol Furvxu Uhffrva Zn'ghd---gur ercerfragngvir va Orvehg bs
gur Terng Nlngbyynu Zhufva ny-Unxvz---gbtrgure jvgu Zhfn ny-Fnqe.

Va 1970 gur {\rz Znewn}\/ (puvrs Fuvvgr yrtny nhgubevgl) Zhufva
ny-Unxvz qvrq. Ur jnf fhpprrqrq ng gur ncrk bs gur Fuvvgr eryvtvbhf
uvrenepul va Anwns ol gur {\rz Znewn}/\ Noh ny-Dnfvz ny-Xub'v. Gur ynggre,
va pbagenfg gb uvf pbyyrnthrf va Anwns, xrcg nybbs sebz cbyvgvpf naq
pbasvarq uvf npgvivgvrf gb znggref bs eryvtvba naq eryvtvbhf ynj. Nf n
erfhyg, gurer erznvarq gjb enaxvat npgvivfg nlngbyynuf jub pbagvahrq gb
grnpu ng Anwns, Zhunzznq Ondve ny-Fnqe (Zhfn Fnqe'f pbhfva), naq Xubzrvav.
Obgu bs gurz, ny-Fnqe va cnegvphyne, fgvyy unq znal Yronarfr chcvyf jub
jrer vasyhraprq ol gur enqvpny vqrnf bs gurve znfgre naq jubfr qbpgevar
gurl nqbcgrq.

Nf n erfhyg bs gur qrcbegngvba cbyvpl ynhapurq ol gur Vendv On'gu
ertvzr ntnvafg gur sbervta {\rz hynzn}, frireny qbmra Yronarfr pyrevpf, jub
unq fcrag gurve sbezngvir lrnef va gur zrygvat-cbg bs Anwns---iveghnyyl nyy

bs gurz chcvyf bs Zhunzznq Ondve ny-Fnqe---neevirq va Yronaba va gur rneyl
1970f. Gur zbfg cebzvarag nzbat gurz frg nobhg sbhaqvat Fuvvgr rqhpngvbany
vafgvghgvbaf ({\rz unjmng)), juvpu jrer npghnyyl Fuvvgr eryvtvbhf npnqrzvrf
ba gur Anwns zbqry. Gjb {\rz unjmng}\/ jrer rfgnoyvfurq va Orvehg, bar va
Onnyorx, naq gjb zber va fbhgurea Yronaba (va Gler naq va gur gbja bs
Fnqvxva). Gur vqrn jnf gung gurfr vafgvghgvbaf jbhyq gbtrgure sbez n
enqvpny eryvtvbhf vasenfgehpgher naq ghea bhg qvfpvcyrf bs gur npgvivfg
fpubby, rzhyngvat gur rqhpngvba gur sbhaqref bs gur arj vafgvghgvbaf unq
erprvirq ng Anwns. Anwns va snpg orpnzr gur fbhepr bs obgu vafcvengvba naq
shaqvat sbe gur arj {\rz unjmng}.

Ng gur fnzr gvzr Anwns tenqhngrf, nybat jvgu bgure Yronarfr, sbezrq gur
Yronarfr Vfynzvp Qn'jn Cnegl, zbqryyrq ba gur Vendv cnegl bs gur fnzr anzr.
Guvf betnavmngvba gbbx shyy nqinagntr bs Yronaba'f cbyvgvpny cyhenyvfz,
bcrengvat bcrayl, juvyr znvagnvavat pbagnpg naq sbetvat n zhghny-nvq
argjbex jvgu gur zbgure betnavmngvba gung shapgvbarq pynaqrfgvaryl va Vend.
Gur gnetrg cbchyngvba bs gur Yronarfr Qn'jn jnf gur trarengvba bs lbhat
Fuvvgrf jub jrer betnavmrq va gur Yronarfr Nffbpvngvba bs Zhfyvz Fghqragf,
sbhaqrq ol Fuvvgr tenqhngrf bs gur Neno Havirefvgl bs Orvehg. Jbexvat va
cnenyyry gb guvf nffbpvngvba jnf gur Nzny zbirzrag, gura fgvyy va vgf
vasnapl.

Gur Yronarfr Qn'jn naq vgf pnqerf va gur fghqragf' nffbpvngvba sbhaq
gurve fcvevghny yrnqre va gur havdhr crefba bs Zhunzznq Uhffrva Snqynyynu,
n {\rz zhwgnuvq}\/ (nhgubevgl va eryvtvbhf ynj) jub jnf n tenqhngr bs gur
Fuvvgr pbyyrtrf va Anwns, jurer ur unq nccneragyl fhccbegrq gur Vendv
Qn'jn. Snqynyynu neevirq va Yronaba va 1966 sebz Anwns, jurer ur unq orra
obea va 1935 gb n jryy xabja Yronarfr snzvyl bs yrnearq Fuvvgrf. Frira
lrnef rneyvre uvf sngure unq gnxra gur snzvyl gb Anwns sebz Nlangn, abg sne
sebz Ovag Whorvy va fbhgurea Yronaba. Zhunzznq Uhffrva'f zbgure jnf gur
qnhtugre bs Unffna Onmmv, urnq bs bar bs gur zbfg qvfgvathvfurq Fuvvgr
snzvyvrf va fbhgurea Yronaba. Zhunzznq Uhffrva Snqynyynu frggyrq va gur
Ano'n dhnegre bs Rnfg Orvehg, na nern urnivyl cbchyngrq ol Fuvvgrf sebz gur
fbhgu naq sebz gur Ordn'. Gurer, nf gur ercerfragngvir bs uvf znfgre naq
grnpure Noh ny-Dnfvz ny-Xub'v, gur fhcerzr eryvtvbhf nhgubevgl bs gur
Fuvvgr jbeyq, ur fgebir gb rfgnoyvfu uvzfrys nf n enaxvat {\rz zhwgnuvq}\/
jvgu na npxabjyrqtrq fgnaqvat bs uvf bja. Va guvf crevbq, juvpu fnj gur
vzcerffvir fhpprff bs gur Vznz Zhfn ny-Fnqe, Snqynyynu bcgrq sbe n dhvrg
zbqr bs npgvivgl, sne erzbirq sebz gur cbyvgvpny ernyz. Uvf npgvivgl
pbzovarq gur rfgnoyvfuzrag bs punevgnoyr nffbpvngvbaf, rqhpngvbany
vafgvghgvbaf va gur sbez bs fpubbyf naq pyhof, naq pyvavpf naq becunantrf,
jvgu Fuvvgr rehqvgvba, jevgvat, eryvtvbhf vafgehpgvba naq grnpuvat. Jvguva
guvf senzrjbex, Snqynyynu rfgnoyvfurq va gur Ano'n dhnegre n jrysner
nffbpvngvba juvpu jnf trnerq gb cebivqr nvq naq fhppbe, vapyhqvat
rqhpngvba, gb arrql Fuvvgrf neevivat va Orvehg sebz gur fbhgu naq sebz gur
Ordn' va frnepu bs n yviryvubbq. Haqre Snqynyynu'f cngebantr gur
nffbpvngvba choyvfurq n wbheany, {\rz ny-Uvxzn}, juvpu gb guvf qnl freirf
nf bar bs gur cevapvcny betnaf bs rkcerffvba bs gur {\rz fnllvq}, nf ur vf
pnyyrq ol uvf sbyybjref. Snqynyynu gnhtug ng gur Ano'n-onfrq Vfynzvp
Funev'v Vafgvghgr, juvpu jnf nggraqrq ol chcvyf sebz nyy bire Yronaba jub
jrer rqhpngrq va n arj sbez bs Fuvvfz, npgvivfg va vgf pbaprcgvba. Bar bs
gur vafgvghgvba'f zbfg bhgfgnaqvat fghqragf jnf Furvxu Entuvo Uneo, jub
chefhrq uvf fghqvrf ng Anwns naq jbhyq yngre tnva erabja nf n yrnqre bs
Uvmonyynu va fbhgurea Yronaba.

Va qbmraf bs negvpyrf naq zber guna gjragl obbxf Snqynyynu ynvq gur
vqrbybtvpny onfvf sbe uvf eribyhgvbanel npgvivfg vqrnf va gur arj fcvevg bs
Fuvvfz. Nzbat gur fhowrpgf ur nqqerffrq jnf jura naq haqre jung
pvephzfgnaprf sbepr fubhyq or hfrq ntnvafg gur rarzvrf bs Vfynz. Ur nyfb
freirq nf n xvaq bs thvqr gb gur Fuvvgr eryvtvbhf pvepyrf juvpu sbhaq gurve
cynpr bhgfvqr Zhfn ny-Fnqe'f zbirzrag. Gur {\rz fnllvq} phygvingrq gur
fcvevghny yvsr bs gurfr pvepyrf naq nyfb tnir uvf cngebantr gb gur betna bs
gur Yronarfr Nffbpvngvba bs Zhfyvz Fghqragf, {\rz ny-Zhagnynd}, juvpu
dhvpxyl orpnzr gur znva wbheany sbe gur rkcerffvba bs uvf vqrnf.

Guhf jvguva gur Fuvvgr pbzzhavgl va Yronaba, nybatfvqr Zhfn ny-Fnqe'f
zbirzrag, n eryngviryl fznyy geraq ribyirq juvpu rzcunfvmrq vgf Vfynzvp
Fuvvgr ebbgf naq vgf nssvavgl jvgu gur fcvevghny pragre va Anwns. Ng gur
fnzr gvzr, guvf arj geraq erwrpgrq gur Yronarfr angvbany vqragvgl gb juvpu
Fnqe unq ibjrq nyyrtvnapr va uvf rssbegf gb tnva gur nhgubevgvrf'
yrtvgvznpl naq erpbtavgvba nf urnq bs gur Yronarfr Fuvvgr pbzzhavgl. Abe
jrer gur nqureragf bs gur arj geraq jvyyvat gb npprcg gur Puevfgvnaf' ehyr
bire gur Zhfyvzf va Yronaba nf na hanffnvynoyr snpg, nf Fnqe qvq, sbe
rknzcyr, jura ur qrpynerq choyvpyl gung gur cerfvqrag bs Yronaba zhfg or n
Puevfgvna. Gurl nyfb fchearq gur pbzcebzvfrf juvpu Fnqe jnf jvyyvat gb
rssrpg jvgu gur Puevfgvnaf, nf rkcerffrq flzobyvpnyyl va gur Vznz'f choyvp
nccrnenaprf va puhepurf bs gur ``urergvpf'' naq va gur pybfr nssvavgl juvpu
Fnqe qrirybcrq sbe Puevfgvna evghny bowrpgf. Vaqrrq, gur yrnqref bs gur arj
geraq, bs jubz gur zbfg cebzvarag crefbanyvgl jnf Snqynyynu, jrer abg
cercnerq gb sbyybj Zhfn ny-Fnqe'f yrnc vagb gur pragre bs Yronarfr
cbyvgvpf, n zbir juvpu gurl sryg jbhyq pbzr ng gur rkcrafr bs gurve
vaqrcraqrapr. Snqynyynu uvzfrys evtbebhfyl nibvqrq orpbzvat vaibyirq va
Yronarfr cbyvgvpf be va Fnqe'f cbyvgvpny npgvivgl. Nygubhtu ur jnf n zrzore
bs gur Fhcerzr Vfynzvp Fuvvgr Pbhapvy rfgnoyvfurq ol Fnqe, vapbecbengvat
nyy gur Fuvvgr eryvtvbhf svtherf va Yronaba, ur qvq abg nffbpvngr uvzfrys
jvgu nal bs gur eviny tebhcf juvpu bcrengrq jvguva g ung obql. Abg rira ng
gur urvtug bs gur fgehttyr bs Znepu 1975 ntnvafg Fnqe'f jvfu gb rkgraq uvf
grez nf urnq bs gur Pbhapvy hagvy gur ntr bs 65, qvq Snqynyynu gnxr n
fgnaq. Ng nyy riragf, Fnqe birepnzr uvf bccbaragf, yrq ol n Onnyorx
{\rz{}zhsgv}/\ jub urnqrq n tebhc bs genqvgvbany Fuvvgr pyrevpf. Fnqe
erzbirq gur {\rz{}zhsgv}\/ sebz uvf cbfg nf qrchgl punvezna bs gur Pbhapvy,
naq nccbvagrq va uvf cynpr Furvxu Zhunzznq Znuqv Funzf ny-Qva.

Fnqe, urnegrarq ol gur npxabjyrqtrzrag bs uvf fgnaqvat naq gur
pbasvqrapr cynprq va uvz guebhtu orvat pubfra gb freir sbe lrnef gb pbzr nf
gur urnq bs gur Fuvvgr pbzzhavgl (hagvy 1993, va snpg), abj zbirq g.b havgr
gur ragver pbzzhavgl haqre uvf yrnqrefuvc. Snqynyynu, ubjrire, jnf vexrq ol
Fnqe'f qrgrezvangvba gb yrnq gur Fuvvgr pbzzhavgl, pbafvqrevat uvzfrys gb
or gur enaxvat crefbanyvgl va grezf bs rqhpngvba naq rehqvgvba. Snqynyynu'f
cerpvfr cbyvgvpny nzovgvbaf ng guvf fgntr ner abg xabja, ohg gur snpg vf
gung va gur cbyvgvpny fvghngvba gung jnf perngrq, va juvpu Fnqe rawblrq gur
flzcngul naq nqzvengvba bs gur Fuvvgr znffrf, Snqynyynu erznvarq va Fnqe'f
funqbj. Va gur yvtug bs guvf qrirybczrag, Snqynyynu phygvingrq nabgure
geraq, jubfr zrzoref jrer ernql gb npxabjyrqtr uvf fgnaqvat, naq juvpu
sbhaq cnegvny betnavmngvbany rkcerffvba jvguva gur senzrjbex bs gur
Yronarfr Qn'jn. Lrg Snqynyynu'f vasyhrapr ernpurq orlbaq guvf senzrjbex,
rkgraqvat gb gur Vendv Qn'jn, juvpu jnf orvat crefrphgrq ol gur Ontuqnq
ertvzr. Vaqrrq, va Bpgbore bs 1980 Snqynyynu'f pbaarpgvbaf jvgu guvf
zbirzrag yrq ntragf bs gur Vendv On'gu gb znxr na nggrzcg ba uvf yvsr, sebz
juvpu ur jnf sbeghangr gb rzretr hafpngurq.

Frrvat gur terng fhpprff rawblrq ol gur Nzny zbirzrag'f erpehvgzrag
rssbegf jvguva gur Fuvvgr pbzzhavgl, gur Qn'jn pvepyrf ortna gb ntbavmr
bire gur nggvghqr gurl gurzfryirf fubhyq nqbcg gbjneqf Nzny. Bar bs gur
Qn'jn tebhc jnf qvfcngpurq gb Anwns va beqre gb trg n ehyvat sebz Zhunzznq
Ondve ny-Fnqe ba guvf dhrfgvba, ohg gur ynggre, nccneragyl, bssrerq uvf
sbyybjref ab pyrne phg naq ovaqvat qverpgvirf. Fhofrdhragyl, sbyybjvat n
ivfvg gb Yronaba ol Zhunzznq Ondve ny-Fnqe uvzfrys, gur Yronarfr Qn'jn
qrpvqrq gb vasvygengr gur Nzny zbirzrag jvgu gur nvz bs rkregvat vasyhrapr
sebz gur vafvqr naq qvffrzvangvat naq ragerapuvat gur vqrnf bs Vfynz nzbat
vgf enaxf. Guvf fgngr bs nssnvef, va juvpu gur Qn'jn znvagnvarq vgf
frcnengr rkvfgrapr nybatfvqr Nzny, crefvfgrq hagvy gur Vfynzvp eribyhgvba
va Vena. Sbyybjvat gung hcurniny, naq ntnvafg gur onpxqebc bs Zhunzznq
Ondve ny-Fnqe'f rkrphgvba va Vend va Ncevy bs 1980, gur Yronarfr Qn'jn jnf
qvffbyirq, nccneragyl ng gur orurfg bs fravbe Venavna pvepyrf.
Arireguryrff, vgf zrzoref pbagvahrq gb znvagnva gurve Qn'jn vqragvgl rira
nf zrzoref bs Nzny.




\frpgvba*{Nzny naq gur Venavna Eribyhgvba: Ortvaavatf bs n Evsg}


Gur Vfynzvp eribyhgvba va Vena sbhaq gur Yronarfr Fuvvgr pbzzhavgl cyhatrq
vagb n qrrc pevfvf, trarengrq ol gur zlfgrevbhf qvfnccrnenapr bs Vznz Zhfn
ny-Fnqe va yngr Nhthfg, 1978---n srj zbaguf orsber gur eribyhgvba. Nzny
guhf ybfg vgf punevfzngvp yrnqre, gur prageny havslvat nkvf nebhaq jubz gur
ragver zbirzrag f yrnqrefuvc unq pbnyrfprq. Gur erfhyg jnf gung Nzny jnf
rkcbfrq gb qvfchgrf naq evinyevrf juvpu jrer unezshy gb vgf bcrengvbaf naq
vgf vzntr nyvxr. Zberbire, gur nccbvagzrag bs Uhffrva ny-Uhffrvav nf gur
zbirzrag'f trareny frpergnel va Abirzore bs 1980, naq uvf fhofrdhrag bhfgre
ol n gevhzivengr yrq ol Anovu Oreev, jub va Ncevy bs 1980 unq orra anzrq
urnq bs gur zbirzra'f yrnqrefuvc pbhapvy, jnf zber guna n zrer ebhgvar
punatr bs crefbaary. Vg npghnyyl flzobyvmrq n fuvsg va gur bevragngvba naq
inyhrf bs gur Fuvvgr zbirzrag: gur byq fhvg jnf ab ybatre fhvgnoyr. Ab
ybatre jbhyq gurer or n eryvtvbhf yrnqre, na Vznz tneorq va n genqvgvbany
ebor, ohg n ynetryl frphyne naq npgvir yrnqrefuvc juvpu fnj vgf cnenzbhag
zvffvba nf cebzbgvat gur vagrerfgf bs gur Fuvvgr pbzzhavgl jvguva gur
senzrjbex bs gur Yronarfr fgngr, naq jubfr srrg jrer svezyl cynagrq va gur
zhexl ernyvgl bs Yronarfr cbyvgvpf.

Nzny'f frphyne yrnqref creprvirq gur Venavna eribyhgvba nf rffragvnyyl
n fbpvny hcurniny juvpu unq bhfgrq na rkcybvgngvir ertvzr, naq gurl
ertneqrq gur Fuvvgr svtherf jub unq fcrneurnqrq gur eribyhgvba nf cheryl
eryvtvbhf nhgubevgvrf. Vg vf uneqyl fhecevfvat, gura, gung gur ubarlzbba
juvpu punenpgrevmrq Nzny-Venavna eryngvbaf va 1979--1980 jnf fubeg-yvirq.
Arvgure gur erpvcebpny ivfvgf bs gur Nzny uvrenepul va Vena naq bs Venavna
yrnqref gb Yronaba, abe gur nccbvagzragf bs bssvpvny ercerfragngvirf---Zhfn
Snxue Ehunav nf nzonffnqbe gb Yronaba naq {\rz Fnllvq}\/ Voenuvz ny-Nzve nf
Nzny ercerfragngvir va Gruena---pbhyq nygre gur cbyvgvpny ernyvgl. N frevrf
bs rcvfbqrf juvpu unq gur rssrpg bs cynlvat hc gur qvfcnevgvrf orgjrra gur
gjb fvqrf fbba trarengrq sevpgvba naq ubfgvyvgl. Gur svefg qrirybczrag jnf
gur qvfcyrnfher fubja ol gur Nzny yrnqrefuvc ng gur vzcbgrapr juvpu frrzrq
gb nssyvpg gur eribyhgvbanel Venavna yrnqrefuvc va vgf nggrzcgf gb bognva
gur eryrnfr bs Zhfn ny-Fnqe sebz uvf ``Yvolna pncgvivgl''. Vaqrrq, nf gvzr
cnffrq naq gur Venavna yrnqrefuvc fbhtug nyyvrf va gur Vfynzvp jbeyq,
Venavna-Yvolna eryngvbaf jrer vapernfvatyl pbafbyvqngrq, gb gur bhgentr bs
gur Yronarfr Fuvvgrf Na rpub bs guvf fvghngvba pbhyq or urneq va gur
fgngrzragf znqr ol gur urnq bs gur Venavna eribyhgvbanel pbhegf, Nlngbyynu
Xunyxunyv, jub ivfvgrq Orvehg va Ncevy bs 1980, naq hfrq gur bppnfvba gb
qrpyner gung Fnqe jnf zheqrerq va Ebzr ol gur Mvbavfgf', n cebabhaprzrag
juvpu qerj shevbhf ernpgvbaf sebz Anovu Oreev naq Zhunzznq Znuqv Funzf
ny-Qva.

Gur bhfgre bs xrl svtherf sebz gur Venavna yrnqrefuvc, fhpu nf Onav
Fnqe, Fnqrd Dbgomnqru, naq bguref jub unq znvagnvarq sevraqyl eryngvbaf
jvgu Nzny (fbzr bs gurz nf sne onpx nf gur crevbq va juvpu gurl unq
bcrengrq va Yronaba ntnvafg gur Funu'f ertvzr) bayl nqqrq shry gb gur sver
nf sne nf Nzny jnf pbaprearq. Yronaba unq orra bar bs gur pragref bs
Venavna bccbfvgvba npgvivgl ntnvafg gur Funu'f ertvzr, naq fravbe svtherf
fhpu nf Znuqv Onmnetna, Voenuvz Lnmqv, Dbgomnqru, naq Zhfgnsn Nyv Punzena,
unq sbhaq furygre gurer qhevat gur 1970f. Nzny unq urycrq gur bcrengvbany
npgvivgl bs gurfr rkvyrf, fbzr bs jubz unq orra vaibyirq va rfgnoyvfuvat
gur zvyvgnel sbepr bs gur Yronarfr Fuvvgr zbirzrag. Gur zbfg cebzvarag bs
gurfr, Zhfgnsn Punzena, unq zneevrq n enaxvat Nzny npgvivfg---Tunqn Wn'one,
naq unq nqzvavfgrerq gur ibpngvbany fpubby ng Ohew ny-Fuvznyv, arne Gler.
Ubjrire, Punzena qribgrq zbfg bs uvf gvzr gb gur perngvba bs Nzny, freivat
nf gur yvnvfba orgjrra gur Fuvvgr zbirzrag naq gur Cnyrfgvavna
betnavmngvbaf, naq gb birefrrvat gur npgvivgvrf bs n tebhc bs Venavna
fghqragf jub jrer genvarq ol gur Cnyrfgvavnaf naq frag gb bcrengr va Vena.

Vg jnf ntnvafg guvf onpxqebc gung gur srryvat terj jvguva gur Nzny
yrnqrefuvc gung gur Yronarfr Fuvvgr zbirzrag jnf ybfvat vgf nyyvrf va gur
Venavna uvrenepul. Va bar fgevxvat pnfr, Zhfgnsn Punzena uvzfrys, gur svefg
qrsrafr zvavfgre bs eribyhgvbanel Vena---ur unq neevirq va Gruena va
Sroehnel 1979 qverpg sebz Yronaba---qvfnccrnerq va n zlfgrevbhf uryvpbcgre
nppvqrag. N irvyrq rkcerffvba bs guvf srryvat jnf pbagnvarq va n pnoyr sebz
Anovu Oreev gb Xubzrvav va Abirzore, 1980 sbyybjvat gur bhfgre bs Sbervta
Zvavfgre Dbgomnqru, va juvpu Oreev ynhqrq gur nppbzcyvfuzragf bs gur
Venavna zvavfgre, gur ``terng svtugre'', jub unq orra qvfzvffrq. Nygubhtu
pbhpurq va pbhegrbhf ynathntr, gur pnoyr pbhyq abg pbaprny gur qvfcyrnfher
sryg ng gur erzbiny naq neerfg bs Dbgomnqru ol gur irel ertvzr va jubfr
rfgnoyvfuzrag ur unq orra na npgvir cnegvpvcnag.

Gur Venavna creprcgvba juvpu pnfg gur Cnyrfgvavna cerfrapr va fbhgurea
Yronaba va n punatrq yvtug nyfb rknpreongrq gur eryngvbaf orgjrra Nzny naq
Gruena. Eribyhgvbanel Vena, juvpu fnj va gur Cnyrfgvavna betnavmngvbaf gur
fcrneurnq bs gur ``ubyl jne'' ntnvafg Vfenry, tnir gurz vgf fhccbeg naq
rapbhentrq gurz gb npg ntnvafg gur Wrjvfu fgngr. Ubjrire, guvf onpxvat
natrerq gur Nzny yrnqrefuvc, jubfr zbirzrag jnf gura ratntrq va n ivbyrag
fgehttyr, obgu va Orvehg naq zber vagrafryl va gur fbhgu, jvgu gur
Cnyrfgvavnaf, sbe pbageby bs cnegf bs gurfr nernf. Rneyl 1980 fnj na
vagrafvsvpngvba bs gur nyernql ivbyrag sevpgvba orgjrra gur Fuvvgrf naq gur
Cnyrfgvavnaf sbyybjvat Nzny'f nggrzcg gb pneir bhg na nccebcevngr avpur sbe
vgfrys va fbhgurea Yronaba. Guvf zbir ol Nzny fcnexrq funec erfvfgnapr ol
gur Cnyrfgvavnaf, sbe jubz guvf ertvba jnf n svany onfgvba, juvpu gurl jrer
qrgrezvarq gb ergnva---ol sbepr, vs arprffnel. Ntteningvat gur fvghngvba
jnf gur Cnyrfgvavnaf' uneq-unaqrq naq ng gvzrf oehgny gerngzrag bs gur
Fuvvgr cbchyngvba va gur fbhgu, naq gurve rkcybvgngvba bs gur Fuvvgrf'
zrntre rpbabzvp erfbheprf. Gur Cnyrfgvavnaf' ivbyrag npgvivgl ntnvafg
Vfenry, qenjvat Vfenryv pbhagre-zrnfherf, nyfb nssrpgrq gur Fuvvgrf, jub
sbhaq gurzfryirf ornevat gur oheqra bs gur fhssrevat ragnvyrq va gur
Vfenryv-Cnyrfgvavna pynfurf. Fb frevbhf qvq gur fvghngvba orpbzr gung ba
gur rir bs gur Yronaba jne na Nzny yrnqre va gur fbhgu, Zhunzznq Tunqne,
qrpynerq gung vs gur Cnyrfgvavnaf qvq abg nonaqba gurve jne ba gur Fuvvgrf,
Nzny jbhyq bcra sver ba Vfenry va beqre gb cebibxr na Vfenryv vaphefvba
vagb fbhgurea Yronaba, juvpu jbhyq qryvire n zvyvgnel oybj gb gur CYB.

Qrfcvgr gur grafvba orgjrra Nzny naq Vena, ubjrire, obgu fvqrf jrer
pnershy gb znvagnva bcra punaaryf bs qvnybthr. Vena jnf vagrerfgrq va
chefhvat fhpu pbagnpgf orpnhfr vg erpbtavmrq gung Nzny, qrfcvgr vgf
jrnxarffrf, jnf gur nhguragvp ercerfragngvir bs gur Fuvvgr pbzzhavgl va
Yronaba, naq nf fhpu pbafgvghgrq na vzcbegnag vafgehzrag sbe jvryqvat
vasyhrapr va gung pbhagel. Gur Nzny yrnqrefuvc, sbe vgf cneg, fnj va Vena n
evfvat sbepr juvpu pbhyq uryc pbafbyvqngr gur fgeratgu bs gur Fuvvgr
pbzzhavgl va gur shgher. Guhf gur gvrf orgjrra gur Venavna yrnqrefuvc naq
Nzny crefvfgrq, ynetryl guebhtu Qn'jn zrzoref jub jrer npgvir va Nzny, naq
bguref jub jrer nibjrq sbyybjref bs gur Vznz Xubzrvav, jubz gurl ertneqrq
nf obgu gurve eryvtvbhf naq gurve cbyvgvpny yrnqre.

Guvf fvghngvba jnf nygrerq ol gur Yronaba jne bs 1982. Vfenry'f
bpphcngvba bs fbhgurea Yronaba, vgf chfu abegujneq naq vgf fvrtr bs Orvehg,
yrq Nzny gb ntbavmr bire vgf shgher pbhefr bs npgvba. Guvf qrirybczrag
sbhaq rkcerffvba va gur nsgrezngu bs n cebcbfny chg sbejneq ol Yronarfr
Cerfvqrag Fnexvf sbe gur perngvba bs n Angvbany Fnyingvba Nhgubevgl, juvpu
jbhyq yrnq gur pbhagel qhevat gur pevfvf. Gur Nhgubevgl jnf gb vapbecbengr
gur ercerfragngvirf bs gur pbhagel'f cevapvcny cbjre pragref, anzryl, gur
pbzznaqre bs gur Yronarfr Sbeprf, Onfuve Whznllvy, gur yrnqre bs gur Qehmr
pbzzhavgl, Jnyvq Whaoyngg, naq gur urnq bs gur Fuvvgrf, Anovu Oreev. Gur
Venavnaf ivrjrq jvgu pbaprea Oreev'f vaqrpvfvba nobhg jurgure gb wbva gur
Nhgubevgl. Sbe Gruena guvf obql flzobyvmrq gur Jrfgrea gnxrbire bs Yronaba
naq gur crecrghngvba bs gur ``mvbavfg bpphcngvba'' bs gur pbhagel: Gruena
gurersber oebhtug urnil cerffher gb orne ba Oreev abg gb nssvyvngr uvzfrys
jvgu gur arj obql. Oreev, ubjrire, frrvat va gur vaivgngvba gb wbva gur
Nhgubevgl erpbtavgvba bs gur evfvat cbjre bs gur Fuvvgr pbzzhavgl naq n
cebcvgvbhf bccbeghavgl gb rssrpg n punatr va vgf cbyvgvpny fgnaqvat,
qrpvqrq gb npprcg na bssre gb wbva. Gb guvf qnl gur snpg gung ur fng ba gur
Angvbany Fnyingvba Nhgubevgl gbtrgure jvgu Onfuve Whzznlvy vf uryq ntnvafg
uvz va Gruena nf n fva jvgubhg rkcvngvba. Sbe Vena, Oreev'f zrzorefuvc va
gur Nhgubevgl jnf n pehpvny fvtacbfg va gur funcvat bs Yronarfr cbyvpl.
Uraprsbegu Vena jbhyq pbzr vapernfvatyl gb oryvrir gung Nzny, nf n frphyne
angvbany zbirzrag, jnf vapncnoyr bs nqinapvat Venavna-Vfynzvp vagrerfgf,
naq gung gur tbyqra bccbeghavgl gur jne nssbeqrq Vena gb rssrpg n
oernxguebhtu va Yronaba jnf snqvat njnl. Vg jnf gura gung gur Venavnaf znqr
gurve qrpvfvba gb fhccbeg gur perngvba bs n Fuvvgr Vfynzvp zbirzrag juvpu
jbhyq cebivqr na nygreangvir gb Nzny naq uryc vaphypngr gur eribyhgvbanel
Vfynzvp vqrbybtl va Yronaba.

Gur betnavmngvbany senzrjbex raivfntrq ol Vena qvq abg rkvfg va
Yronaba, nygubhtu zbfg bs vgf ryrzragf jrer bcrengvat gurer qvfperrgyl va
bar sbez be nabgure. Gurfr jrer sbe gur zbfg cneg Fuvvgr eryvtvbhf svtherf
jub unq orra vasyhraprq ol enqvpny Vfynzvp vqrnf, va fbzr pnfrf qngvat onpx
gb gur crevbq bs gurve fghqvrf ng Anwns, jurer gurl unq orra gnhtug ol
Zhunzznq Ondve ny-Fnqe, be ng gur eryvtvbhf npnqrzvrf va Dbz, obgu orsber
naq nsgre gur Vfynzvp eribyhgvba. Gurl gbbx n qvz ivrj bs Nzny cbyvpl, naq
jrer cnegvphyneyl qvfgerffrq ng gur gnxrbire bs gur zbirzrag'f yrnqrefuvc
ol frphyne ryrzragf, fbzr bs gurz jvgu n yrsg-jvat bevragngvba. Sbe gurfr
eryvtvbhf svtherf gur Venavna eribyhgvba jnf n zbqry jbegul bs rzhyngvba va
Yronaba. Guhf gur Venavnaf frg nobhg betnavmvat gurz va n
sebag-betnavmngvba juvpu jbhyq or yvaxrq gb Vena naq freir vgf cbyvpl va
Yronaba.


\frpgvba*{Gur Uvmonyynu}

\fhofrpgvba*{Venavna Cbyvpl va Yronaba}

Venavna cbyvpl va Yronaba jnf tebhaqrq va Yronaba'f havdhr cbyvgvpny,
fbpvny naq rpbabzvp fgehpgher, juvpu ranoyrq Gruena gb genafyngr vgf tbny
vagb rssrpgvir npgvba. Gung tbny jnf gb rfgnoyvfu na Vfynzvp zbirzrag
npxabjyrqtvat gur cbyvgvpny naq eryvtvbhf yrnqrefuvc bs gur Vznz Xubzrvav,
naq trnevat vgfrys gb bireguebj gur rkvfgvat Yronarfr ertvzr, ercynpvat vg
jvgu na Vfynzvp ertvzr ba gur Venavna zbqry. Gur nofrapr va Yronaba bs na
nhgubevgngvir prageny tbireazrag pncnoyr bs ehyvat, pbzovarq jvgu gur
vagrafr rssbegf bs enqvpny Yronarfr Fuvvgrf gb nygre gur fvghngvba va gur
pbhagel jvgubhg erpbhefr gb gur rkvfgvat cbyvgvpny senzrjbexf, ranoyrq Vena
gb bcrengr va Yronaba nyzbfg hauvaqrerq. Gur Yronaba jne naq gur fhofrdhrag
qvfehcgvba bs gur qryvpngr onynapr orgjrra gur inevbhf Yronarfr cbjre
fgehpgherf bayl snpvyvgngrq gur Venavna npgvivgl. Guhf vg vf uneqyl
fhecevfvat gung va gur rlrf bs gur sbezre Venavna nzonffnqbe gb Yronaba,
Zhfn Snxue Ehunav, Yronaba abj sbhaq vgfrys va gur fnzr fvghngvba nf Vena
unq sbhaq vgfrys ng gur raq bs 1978: ba gur oevax bs na Vfynzvp eribyhgvba.

Ntnvafg guvf onpxqebc, Vena va gur ynggre cneg bs 1982 qvfcngpurq na
nqinapr sbepr bs Eribyhgvbanel Thneqf (``Cnfqnena'') gb Yronaba va beqre gb
gnxr cneg va gur {\rz wvunq}\/ ntnvafg Vfenry---naq zber vzcbegnag, gb uryc
rfgnoyvfu n eribyhgvbanel Vfynzvp zbirzrag va Yronaba. Nzonffnqbe Ehunav,
jub jnf gura freivat va Orvehg, abgrq gung gur sbepr, juvpu neevirq ivn
Qnznfphf, ahzorerq svir gubhfnaq Venavnaf jub unq pbzr ``gb nffvfg gur
vaunovgnagf bs Yronaba''. Abe qvq Ehunav sbetrg gb rzcunfvmr gung gur sbepr
unq orra frag ng gur erdhrfg bs ``Yronaba'f cerfvqrag, Ryvnf Fnexvf, naq bs
gur Yronarfr crbcyr''. Or gung nf vg znl, nsgre n fubeg gvzr gur ohyx bs
gur sbepr erghearq gb Vena, yrnivat orgjrra 300--500 bs gurve ahzore va
Onnyorx. Fbzr bs gurfr jrer pyrevpf sebz gur ``Phygheny Havg'' bs gur
Eribyhgvbanel Thneqf, juvyr bguref jrer zvyvgnel vafgehpgbef naq svtugref
jub gbtrgure jrer fhccbfrq gb uryc sbez gur betnavmngvbany onfvf sbe gur
arj Vfynzvp eribyhgvbanel zbirzrag. Gur Yronarfr pyrevpf jrypbzrq gurve
Venavna ``oebguref'' naq jrer flzcngurgvp gb gur nvq gurl jrer cebssrevat
gb gur ybpny cbchyngvba. Gur Venavna pbagvatrag jnf fhccbegrq ol Venavna
zbargnel tenagf juvpu jrer rneznexrq sbe gur erunovyvgngvba naq rkcnafvba
bs gur eryvtvbhf fpubby flfgrz va gur pvgl, gur rerpgvba bs
eryvtvbhf-bevragrq choyvp vafgvghgvbaf, erfgbengvba bs gur urnygu-pner
flfgrz, gur rfgnoyvfuzrag bs pyvavpf naq ubfcvgnyf, naq nvq sbe lbhat
Fuvvgrf raebyyrq va eryvtvbhf vafgvghgvbaf.

Vg jnf abg ybat orsber Onnyorx, nybat jvgu vgf arvtuobevat gbjaf naq
ivyyntrf, nffhzrq na Vfynzvp-Venavna pbybevat. Gur fnyr bs yvdhbe jnf
cebuvovgrq, jbzra jrer pbzcryyrq gb qerff zbqrfgyl, naq gur pvgl, juvpu
bayl erpragyl unq orra n guevivat pragre bs vagreangvbany gbhevfz, ortna gb
erfrzoyr Vena va rirel jnl. Uhtr cbfgref bs Xubzrvav naq bgure Venavna
yrnqref, juvpu qrpbengrq vgf znva fgerrgf, naq gur cebzvarag cerfrapr bs
Crefvna-fcrnxref, bayl vagrafvsvrq gur Venavna ngzbfcurer. Gur
genafsbezngvba bs Onnyorx ercerfragrq gur bafrg bs gur arj Vfynzvp
eribyhgvbanel zbirzrag va Yronaba, juvpu nqbcgrq gur Xbenavp anzr Uvmonyynu
(zrnavat ``gur cnegl bs Tbq''). Va guvf ertvba, sne sebz gur frng bs
prageny cbjre naq vgf znwbe fhccbegref va gur Puevfgvna naq Zhfyvz pnzcf,
gur vavgvny onpxref bs Uvmonyynu jrer betnavmrq, naq vg jnf sebz urer gung
gurl snaarq bhg gb Orvehg naq fbhgurea Yronaba.



\fhofrpgvba*{Uvmonyynu: Sebag betnavmngvba Yrq ol Pyrevpf}

Va gur vagebqhpgvba gb uvf obbx ba Uvmonyynu'f npgvivgl va gur Vfynzvp
jbeyq sbyybjvat gur Xubzrvav eribyhgvba,\sbbgabgr{Gnevdng Uvmo Nyynu sv-ye
Nzny ny-Vfynzv (Uvmonyynu va Vfynzvp Qrrq), 1986.} Nyv ny-Xhenav, n zrzore
bs gur Yronarfr Qn'jn jub wbvarq Uvmonyynu, jevgrf:

\ortva{dhbgr}

Gurer ner gubfr jub nfx jurgure Uvmonyynu vf npghnyyl na
betnavmngvba. Naq vs gur ercyl vf gung Uvmonyynu vf abg na
betnavmngvba, gurl ab ybatre obgure jvgu vg, fvapr va gurve ivrj vg
vf cbyvgvpny betnavmngvba juvpu ornef gur terngrfg vzcbegnapr sbe
Vfynzvp npgvivgl. Vs gur ercyl vf gung Uvmonyynu vf vaqrrq na
betnavmngvba, gurl ertneq vg nf whfg bar zber sbez bs betnavmngvba
nybat jvgu gur bgure cnegvrf naq betnavmngvbaf nyernql rkgnag.
Gurve arkg fgrc vf gb ortva pbzcnevat vg jvgu betnavmngvbany sbezf
gurl ner snzvyvne jvgu, naq gb frrx bhg vgf dhnyvgvrf naq vgf
snhygf. Gur cngu bs Uvmonyynu vf abg gung bs na betnavmngvba be
cnegl va gur hfhny naq pbairagvbany frafr, naq vg qbrf abg erfrzoyr
betnavmngvbaf va gur pbhagevrf bs gur Jrfg be gur Vfynzvp fgngrf.
[Ng gur fnzr gvzr] Uvmonyynu vf na betnavmngvba naq na nccnenghf
nqncgrq gb jung vf erdhverq sbe Vfynzvp qrrq naq sbe gur znffrf bs
vgf zrzoref.

\raq{dhbgr}

Vaqrrq, gur perngvba bs Uvmonyynu qvq abg erfrzoyr gung bs bgure
zbirzragf naq betnavmngvbaf va Yronaba. Vg fgnegrq bss nf n fznyy tebhc bs
pyrevpf jvgubhg n qvfgvapg betnavmngvbany nccnenghf, qvfpvcyrf bs gur
enqvpny Fuvvgr fpubby bs gubhtug. Yrq ol Noonf Zhfnjv naq Furvxu Fhouv
ny-Ghsnlyv, gurl npxabjyrqtrq gur Vznz Xubzrvav nf gurve eryvtvbhf naq
cbyvgvpny yrnqre naq vqragvsvrq jvgu Vena'f fgevivat gb znxr Yronaba cneg
bs gur Vfynzvp Erchoyvp. Lrg jvguva n znggre bs zbaguf, guvf fznyy tebhc
unq orpbzr n znff zbirzrag. Gur sbhaqref jrer wbvarq ol enqvpny Fuvvgrf jub
oebxr bss sebz Nzny naq bgure zbirzragf naq jub oebhtug jvgu gurz gur
zrzorefuvcf bs gurve bja betnavmngvbaf, fhpu nf Nzny ny-Vfynzv, gur
Nffbpvngvba bs Zhfyvz Hynzn va Yronaba, gur Yronarfr Qn'jn, naq gur
Nffbpvngvba bs Zhfyvz Fghqragf. Nyy bs gurfr senzrjbexf sbetrq n pbnyvgvba
juvpu onaqrq gbtrgure haqre gur sebag betnavmngvba bs Uvmonyynu.


\fhofrpgvba*{Gur Sbhaqvat Onnyorx Pber Tebhc}

Gur pber tebhc bs Uvmonyynu betnavmrq vgfrys va Onnyorx va gur ynggre cneg
bs 1982 naq svefg cneg bs 1983. Gur sbhaqref jrer n tebhc bs Fuvvgr
pyrevpf, tenqhngrf bs gur Anwns naq Dbz npnqrzvrf jub unq fghqvrq haqre
Zhunzznq Ondve ny-Fnqe naq unq erghearq gb Yronaba ng gur raq bs gur 1970f.
Gurve yrnqref jrer Fnllvq Noonf Zhfnjv naq Furvxu Fhouv ny-Ghsnlyv. Noonf
Zhfnjv jnf obea va 1952 va n ivyyntr abg sne sebz Onnyorx, naq va
1969--1970 nggraqrq gur Vafgvghgr sbe Vfynzvp Fghqvrf ng Gler. Ur fcrag gur
arkg rvtug lrnef (1970--1978) ng Anwns, fghqlvat haqre Zhunzznq Ondve
ny-Fnqe. Va 1978 Zhfnjv erghearq gb Yronaba jurer ur gbbx cneg va gur
sbhaqvat bs gur eryvtvbhf pbyyrtr ng Onnyorx, anzrq sbe gur ``Uvqqra
Vznz'', jurer ur grnpurf. Furvxu Fhouv ny-Ghsnlyv, obea va 1948, nyfb unvyf
sebz n ivyyntr arne Onnyorx. Ur fcrag avar lrnef va Anwns jurer ur, gbb,
jnf n chcvy bs Zhunzznq Ondve ny-Fnqe, naq fghqvrq nyfb va gur eryvtvbhf
npnqrzvrf va Dbz. Ng gur raq bs gur 1970f ny-Ghsnlyv erghearq gb Yronaba,
jnf npgvir va gur perngvba bs gur Fhcerzr Vfynzvp Fuvvgr Pbhapvy, naq gura
jvguva gur senzrjbex bs gur Nffbpvngvba bs Zhfyvz Hynzn va Yronaba. Nabgure
zrzore bs gur sbhaqvat tebhc jnf Furvxu Zhunzznq Lnmorx, n fghqrag va gur
Anwns npnqrzvrf, sebz juvpu ur jnf rkcryyrq qhevat gur 1970f, tbvat ba gb
Onnyorx, jurer ur frg hc gur eryvtvbhf npnqrzl. Gur eryvtvbhf svtherf va
Uvmonyynu rawblrq gur pybfr fhccbeg bs gur Venavna Eribyhgvbanel Thneqf,
jub rfgnoyvfurq gurve Yronarfr urnqdhnegref va Onnyorx, naq gbtrgure gurl
sbezrq gur svefg Uvmonyynu zvyvgnel havgf va gur Ordn'.


\fhofrpgvba*{Nzny ny-Vfynzv}

Na vzcbegnag ryrzrag bs gur vavgvny Uvmonyynu pber tebhc va gur Ordn' jnf
gur Nzny ny-Vfynzv zbirzrag. Guvf jnf rfgnoyvfurq va gur fhzzre bs 1982
sbyybjvat gur erfvtangvba bs Uhffrva ny-Zhfnjv, jub unq freirq nf Anovu
Oreev'f frpbaq-va-pbzznaq, va gur jnxr bs Oreev'f qrpvfvba gb wbva gur
Angvbany Fnyingvba Nhgubevgl. Gbtrgure jvgu bguref, zbfgyl erfvqragf bs gur
Ordn', Zhfnjv yrsg gur Nzny pragre va Orvehg, frvmrq fbzr bs gur zbirzrag'f
nffrgf (bssvprf naq nzzhavgvba qhzcf) va Onnyorx, naq gurer sbezrq gur arj
zbirzrag.

Zhfnjv tnvarq rapbhentrzrag naq erprvirq svanapvny naq zvyvgnel nvq
sebz Vena, juvpu ivrjrq uvz naq uvf arjyl-perngrq fznyy zvyvgvn nf na
vzcbegnag ryrzrag sbe gur qrirybczrag bs gur enqvpny zbirzrag va Yronaba.
Va fubeg beqre Nzny ny-Vfynzv orpnzr n ybtvfgvpf naq bcrengvbany pragre sbe
gur greebevfg npgf crecrgengrq ol gur svefg havgf bs Uvmonyynu, juvpu
Zhfnjv wbvarq abg ybat nsgre frggvat hc Nzny ny-Vfynzv. Jvguva guvf
senzrjbex Zhfnjv rawblrq pybfr pbbcrengvba sebz gur eryvtvbhf svtherf va
Uvmonyynu, abgnoyl va gur erpehvgzrag bs lbhat Fuvvgrf gb uvf zvyvgvn, naq
va gurve nppbeqvat bs eribyhgvbanel-eryvtvbhf vafcvengvba gb gur zvyvgvn'f
npgvivgl.

Uhffrva ny-Zhfnjv, n grnpure ol cebsrffvba, vf n fbzrjung hahfhny
svther va gur enqvpny Fuvvgr zbirzrag. Ur fcrag uvf sbezngvir lrnef va
Yronaba, jurer---va pbagenfg gb gur yrnqvat tebhc va Uvmonyynu---ur
erprvirq n frphyne rqhpngvba. Sbyybjvat gur Vfynzvp eribyhgvba va Vena,
Zhfnjv orpnzr bar bs Nzny'f yvnvfbaf jvgu gung pbhagel, cnlvat frireny
ivfvgf gurer naq cebcbhaqvat n enqvpny-Fuvvgr yvar. Zhfnjv neqragyl
znvagnvarq gung uvf zbirzrag jnf gur nhguragvp Nzny, juvpu jnf ernyvmvat va
cenpgvpr gur Vfynzvp ivfvba bs Zhfn ny-Fnqe, jurernf Oreev naq uvf
fhccbegref va Nzny unq qvfnibjrq gur urevgntr bs gur ``inavfurq Vznz''.
Zhfnjv, jub npprcgrq Xubzrvav'f grnpuvatf nf n cresrpg qbpgevar, nf rivqrag
sebz gur rkcynangvba ur bssrerq bs uvf cbfvgvba va Wnahnel, 1984:

\ortva{dhbgr}

Jr cyrqtr bhe yblnygl gb gur Vznz Xubzrvav, cbyvgvpnyyl,
eryvtvbhfyl naq gurbybtvpnyyl. Va nppbeqnapr jvgu Xubzrvav'f
grnpuvat, jr fgevir gb svtug nyy znavsrfgngvbaf bs pbeehcgvba naq
inavgl va guvf jbeyq, naq [gb pbzong] nyy gur ryrzragf svtugvat
ntnvafg Zhfyvzf\yqbgf Bhe fgehttyr vf ntnvafg Rnfg naq Jrfg nyvxr,
ntnvafg gur Fbivrg Havba naq gur Havgrq Fgngrf. Bhe tbny vf gb
cercner gur tebhaq sbe gur ehyr bs gur {\rz Znuqv}\/ ba rnegu, gur
ehyr bs gehgu naq whfgvpr\yqbgf Vena vf gur fbhepr bs bhe
vafcvengvba naq nhgubevgl.

\raq{dhbgr}


\frpgvba*{Gur Nffbpvngvba bs Zhfyvz Hynzn va Yronaba}

Cnenyyry gb gur tebjgu bs Uvmonyynu va gur Ordn', gur svefg Uvmonyynu
tebhcf va Orvehg ortna gb betnavmr va gur pvgl'f fbhgujrfg, ynetryl Fuvvgr
arvtuobeubbqf. Gurfr tebhcf bcrengrq puvrsyl jvguva gur senzrjbex bs
rkvfgvat enqvpny-Fuvvgr betnavmngvbaf, juvpu jrer norggrq ol gur Venavna
rzonffl va Orvehg. Bar bs gurfr jnf Gnwnzzh ny-Hynzn ny-Zhfyvzva sv Yhoana,
juvpu jnf rfgnoyvfurq va gur jnxr bs gur Vfynzvp eribyhgvba naq bcrengrq
haqre Venavna vafcvengvba bs na rphzravpny orag. Gur Gnwnzzh vapbecbengrq
jvguva vg Yronarfr Fuvvgr naq Fhaav pyrevpf jub fbhtug gb jbex wbvagyl va
beqre gb oevqtr gur qvssreraprf orgjrra gur Fhaan naq gur Fuvn. Gur Gnwnzzh
jnf zrnag gb or gur inathneq tebhc juvpu jbhyq or gur vafgvghgvbany
erpvcvrag va Yronaba bs gur vqrnf rkcbegrq ol gur Vfynzvp
eribyhgvba---guvf, nyernql va gur cer-Yronaba jne crevbq. Jura gur jne
oebxr bhg, naq va cnegvphyne qhevat gur Vfenryv fvrtr bs Orvehg, fbzr
Gnwnzzh zrzoref gbbx cneg va zvyvgnel npgvivgl ntnvafg gur Vfenryv sbeprf,
juvyr bguref urycrq phygvingr gur fgnlvat cbjre naq gur svtugvat fcvevg bs
gur Zhfyvz svtugref va gurve fgehttyr ntnvafg Vfenry. Betnavmngvbanyyl, gur
Gnwnzzh znvagnvarq---naq fgvyy qbrf, gb fbzr rkgrag---npgvba pbzzvggrrf
pbirevat n oebnq enatr bs nernf, sebz rqhpngvba naq cuvynaguebcl, nyy gur
jnl gb zvyvgnel npgvivgl. Fvapr rneyl 1984 gur Gnwnzzh Vasbezngvba Bssvpr
unf choyvfurq na betna pnyyrq {\rz ny-Jnuqn ny Vfynzvlln}, juvpu rkcerffrf
rphzravpny pbaprcgf cebcbhaqrq ol obgu Fuvvgr naq Fhaav pyrevpf. Fvzvyneyl,
gur zbirzrag'f yrnqrefuvc pbzcevfrf svtherf sebz obgu frpgf, bs jubz gur
zbfg cebzvarag ner gur Fuvvgr Furvxu Mhurve Xnaw, sebz gur Ordn', naq gur
Fhaav Furvxu Znuve Unzzhq sebz Fvqba, obgu bs jubz jbex va pybfr nssvavgl
jvgu Vena. Jvgu gur rkgrafvba bs Uvmonyynu bcrengvbaf sebz gur Ordn' gb
Orvehg, gur zrzoref bs gur Gnwnzzh wbvarq gur arj zbirzrag nf n fvatyr
obql, naq gurl pbagvahr gb znvagnva gurve frcnengr senzrjbex jvguva vg.


\frpgvba*{Gur Yronarfr Qn'jn naq gur Fghqrag Nffbpvngvba}

Nabgure vzcbegnag pbzcbarag ba juvpu Uvmonyynu jnf onfrq jnf gur Qn'jn
Cnegl, juvpu unq orra rfgnoyvfurq va gur rneyl 1970f nf n Yronarfr oenapu
bs n cnegl ornevat gur fnzr anzr, juvpu bcrengrq pynaqrfgvaryl va Vend. Gur
Yronarfr Qn'jn freirq nf na betnavmngvbany senzrjbex sbe npgvivfg Fuvvgrf
jub jrer tenqhngrf bs gur Anwns npnqrzvrf naq unq erghearq gb Yronaba. Gur
betnavmngvba pbbcrengrq pybfryl jvgu gur Nffbpvngvba bs Zhfyvz Fghqragf,
juvpu jnf sbezrq ol tenqhngrf bs gur Neno Havirefvgl bs Orvehg jub unq
tngurerq nebhaq Snqynyynu, ybbxvat gb uvz nf gurve fcvevghny yrnqre.

Sbyybjvat gur Yronaba jne, naq ng Vena'f orurfg, gur Qn'jn zrzoref jub
unq orra bcrengvat jvguva Nzny, jvguqerj sebz gur prageny Fuvvgr
zbirzrag---n zbir jrypbzrq ol Snqynyynu. Creprvivat Nzny nf frphyne va
punenpgre, gurl wbvarq gur arj Vfynzvp enqvpny zbirzrag. Gbtrgure jvgu gur
pnqerf bs gur fghqragf nffbpvngvba, juvpu, nf zragvbarq, onfrq vgfrys ba
lbhat Fuvvgrf jub jrer npgvir jvguva havirefvgl naq uvtu-fpubby senzrjbexf
naq erznvarq hafjreivat sbyybjref bs Snqynyynu, gur Qn'jn tebhc pbafgvghgrq
n fvtavsvpnag cneg bs gur Uvmonyynu zbirzrag. Va guvf jnl Snqynyynu'f
nqureragf nyfb obyfgrerq gur nyernql havdhr fgnaqvat bs gur {\rz fnllvq}/\
jvguva Uvmonyynu.

Bar bs gur fravbe ercerfragngvirf bs gur Qn'jn geraq va Uvmonyynu vf
{\rz Fnllvq}\/ Voenuvz ny-Nzva, obea va 1935 va n gbja va gur Mnuyr
qvfgevpg, naq n tenqhngr bs gur Anwns naq Dbz npnqrzvrf. Va gur 1970f gur
lbhat furvxu, gbtrgure jvgu bgure Qn'jn zrzoref, wbvarq Nzny, naq sbyybjvat
gur Vfynzvp eribyhgvba va Vena ur jnf anzrq Nzny'f ercerfragngvir va
Gruena. Va gur jnxr bs Anovu Oreev'f wbvavat gur Angvbany Fnyingvba
Nhgubevgl, ny-Nzva yrsg Nzny naq erghearq gb Yronaba nf n fhccbegre bs
Xubzrvav. Va Yronaba ur jbexrq vavgvnyyl va gur Ordn', jurer ur nffvfgrq va
gur erbetnavmngvba bs gur Qn'jn tebhc jvguva gur Uvmonyynu senzrjbex. Ur
yngre frggyrq creznaragyl va Orvehg, jurer ur dhvpxyl tnvarq cebzvarapr nf
gur bssvpvny fcbxrfzna sbe Uvmonyynu---gur bayl fravbe cbfvgvba gur
zbirzrag unf rire znqr choyvp.

Bgure pyrevpf nyfb wbvarq Uvmonyynu va Orvehg, fbzr bs jubz unq uryq
uvtuyl vasyhragvny cbfgf va enqvpny Fuvvgr tebhcf. Cebzvarag nzbat gurfr vf
Furvxu Zhunzznq Vfznvy ny-Xunyvd, n tenqhngr bs Anwns, sebz juvpu ur jnf
rkcryyrq va gur 1970f. Neevivat va Orvehg, Xunyvd frg hc n eryvtvbhf Fuvvgr
npnqrzl (Unjmng ny-Enfhy ny-Nxenz). Gur npnqrzl ur urnqf unf orpbzr bar bs
gur zbfg vzcbegnag grnpuvat pragref bs gur enqvpny-Fuvvgr zbirzrag. Va
Yronaba, fcrpvny fvtavsvpnapr nggnpurf gb gur snpg gung Xunyvd vf gur
ercerfragngvir bs gur cebzvarag Nlngbyynu Zbagnmrev, Xubzrvav'f fhpprffbe
qrfvtangr. Guvf fgnghf nppbeqf Xunyvd n qverpg yvax jvgu bar bs gur znwbe
cbjre pragref va gur Venavna uvrenepul, juvpu va ghea ranoyrf uvz gb jvryq
pbafvqrenoyr vasyhrapr jvguva Uvmonyynu naq rneaf uvz n fcrpvny cynpr va
gur zbirzrag'f yrnqrefuvc. Vg fgnaqf gb ernfba gung Xunyvd jvyy orpbzr rira
zber cbjreshy, jura naq vs Zbagnmrev npghnyyl fhpprrqf Xubzrvav.

Jbexvat jvgu Xunyvd va Orvehg nf bar bs gur sbhaqref bs Uvmonyynu jnf
{\rz Fnllvq}\/ Unffna Anfenyynu, jub jnf obea va 1953 va fbhgurea Yronaba.
N tenqhngr bs gur Anwns naq Dbz npnqrzvrf, Znfenyynu erghearq gb uvf angvir
ynaq hcba gur pbzcyrgvba bs uvf fghqvrf, frggyvat va Orvehg, jurer ur vf
pbafvqrerq n yrnqvat Uvmonyynu svther.

\frpgvba*{Gur Nffbpvngvba bs gur Hynzn bs Wnony Nzvy}

Nyfb npgvir va gurfr qrirybczragf jrer Fuvvgr pyrevpf jub jrer pbaarpgrq
jvgu Vena naq vqragvsvrq jvgu gur vqrnf orvat cebcbhaqrq ol gung pbhagel.
Fbzr jrer nssvyvngrq jvgu Nzny, juvyr bguref ober ab betnavmngvbany
zrzorefuvc. Gur rfgnoyvfuzrag bs gur svefg Uvmonyynu tebhcf, Vena'f pnyy gb
vgf sbyybjref gb wbva Uvmonyynu, naq gur punyyratr cbfrq ol gur Vfenryv
zvyvgnel cerfrapr va fbhgurea Yronaba, yrq fhpu crefbaf gb betnavmr
gurzfryirf jvguva n senzrjbex pnyyrq gur Nffbpvngvba bs gur Hynzn bs Wnony
Nzvy---npghnyyl n sebag-betnavmngvba sbe Uvmonyynu'f pbafbyvqngvba va
fbhgurea Yronaba. Guvf nffbpvngvba orpnzr gur vafgehzrag guebhtu juvpu gur
svefg erfvfgnapr bcrengvbaf ntnvafg Vfenry jrer betnavmrq. Vavgvnyyl gurfr
gbbx gur sbez bs cnffvir, aba ivbyrag erfvfgnapr fhpu nf fgevxrf naq n one
ba pbbcrengvba bs nal xvaq jvgu gur Vfenryvf. Fhofrdhragyl nezrq erfvfgnapr
naq bgure sbezf bs ivbyrag cebgrfg jrer rzcyblrq. Gur inevbhf phygheny
pragref, zbfdhrf, fpubbyf, npnqrzvrf, becunantrf naq jrysner betnavmngvbaf
juvpu jrer haqre gur fhcreivfvba bs Fuvvgr pyrevpf jrer rayvfgrq va gur
fgehttyr jntrq ol gur Hynzn Nffbpvngvba ntnvafg Vfenry. Vg jnf abg ybat
orsber gurfr pyrevpf orpnzr gur irel onpxobar bs Uvmonyynu va fbhgurea
Yronaba, gur orneref bs gur onaare bs gur nezrq fgehttyr ntnvafg Vfenry.

Guvf fgehttyr, nybat jvgu gur fgehttyr ntnvafg gur sbervta sbeprf va
Orvehg gur HF va cnegvphyne---juvpu jnf fcheerq ol Fuvvgr eryvtvbhf
svtherf, cynlrq n znwbe ebyr va ranoyvat gur Vfynzvp enqvpny zbirzrag gb
havgr nebhaq pyrne, jryy-qrsvarq bowrpgvirf: n ubyl jne gb qevir bhg gur
sbervta sbeprf, gb or sbyybjrq ol gur bhfgre bs gur Puevfgvna tbireazrag va
Yronaba naq gur vafgnyyngvba bs na Vfynzvp ertvzr. Gur rkgrafvir nvq juvpu
neevirq sebz Vena ivn Qnznfphf va gur crevbq sebz 1982 gb 1985 ranoyrq
Uvmonyynu gb nqinapr ba gur ebnq gbjneqf gur nggnvazrag bs gurfr tbnyf. Gur
zber npuvrirzragf gur zbirzrag punyxrq hc gb vgf perqvg, gur zber cbvagf vg
fpberq va gur vagreany fgehttyr vg jnf jntvat jvguva gur Fuvvgr pbzzhavgl,
rfcrpvnyyl ntnvafg Nzny. Tebjvat ahzoref bs oryvriref nzbat gur lbhat
trarengvba, jub qvq abg svaq va Nzny n pbtrag erfcbafr gb gurve sreibe naq
gurve qrfver gb ynhapu n {\rz wvunq}\/ ntnvafg Vfenry naq oevat nobhg n
punatr va gur Orvehg ertvzr, yrsg Nzny naq wbvarq Uvmonyynu. Bguref jrer
crefhnqrq gb qb fb ol zrnaf bs fgvcraqf cnvq gb gurz naq gurve snzvyvrf.
Gur arj zrzoref bs gur Fuvvgr enqvpny zbirzrag fbba sbhaq gurve cynpr
nebhaq n pnqer bs lbhat, bsgra punevfzngvp, pyrevpf, gura va gurve
guvegvrf, jub bssrerq gur arj erpehvgf n crefbany rknzcyr va gur hajnirevat
fgnaqf gurl gbbx.

Haqbhogrqyl bar bs gur zbfg bhgfgnaqvat bs gur Fuvvgr pyrevpf jub
bcrengrq va fbhgurea Yronaba jnf Furvxu Entuvo Uneo, gur Vznz bs gur gbja
bs Wvofuvg, jurer ur jnf obea va 1952 naq pbzcyrgrq uvf ryrzragnel
fpubbyvat orsber tbvat ba gb fghql va Anongvlru. Ng fvkgrra ur jnf npprcgrq
gb gur Funev'v Vafgvghgr, jurer bar bs uvf grnpuref qhevat gur frireny
lrnef ur fcrag gurer jnf Snqynyynu. Sbyybjvat gur pbzcyrgvba bs uvf fghqvrf
ng gur vafgvghgr, Uneo fcrag gur arkg sbhe lrnef ng Anwns, fghqlvat haqre
Zhunzznq Ondve ny-Fnqe naq bgure znfgref. Rkcryyrq va gur zvq-y 970f ol gur
Vendvf, Uneo erghearq gb Orvehg, jurer ur chefhrq uvf fghqvrf ng gur
eryvtvbhf npnqrzl va Ohew Unzhq. Ng gur raq bs gung qrpnqr ur erghearq gb
uvf angvir gbja bs Wvofuvg gb freir nf vgf Vznz.

Sbyybjvat uvf erghea sebz Anwns, Uneo orpnzr gur yrnqre bs n tebhc bs
lbhat Fuvvgrf jub sryg gung gurl unq n eryvtvbhf zvffvba gb cresbez naq unq
gurersber yrsg Nzny orpnhfr vgf frphyne punenpgre qvq abg pbasbez jvgu
gurve tbnyf. Gur fhpprff bs gur Vfynzvp eribyhgvba va Vena obyfgrerq gur
oryvrs bs Uneo naq gur zrzoref bs uvf pvepyr va gur evtugarff bs gurve
pubfra pbhefr. Gur ernfbarq pbzzragnel bs gur {\rz znewn}, va juvpu, gb nyy
vagragf naq checbfrf, ur erpbtavmrq Xubzrvav'f cbyvgvpny naq eryvtvbhf
nhgubevgl, yrq gb n gvtugravat bs Uneo'f eryngvbaf jvgu Vena.

Gur rir bs gur Yronaba jne sbhaq Uneo va Gruena, jurer ur jnf nggraqvat
gur Svefg Jbeyq Pbasrerapr bs gur Qvfcbffrffrq, juvpu jnf betnavmrq ol
Vena. Ng gur pbapyhfvba bs gur pbasrerapr ur erghearq gb Wvofuvg. Va gur
fcevat bs 1983 Furvxu Uneo jnf neerfgrq ol gur Vfenryv nhgubevgvrf ba n
punetr bs ratntvat va fhoirefvir npgvivgl naq eryrnfrq n srj qnlf yngre.
Fbzr zbaguf yngre, va Qrprzore bs 1983, Uneo jnf fhzzbarq gb Gruena jurer
ur zrg jvgu enaxvat zrzoref bs gur Venavna ertvzr naq rkcerffrq uvf
nofbyhgr vqragvsvpngvba jvgu Vena. Guhf, va ernpgvba gb gur naabhaprzrag bs
gur frirenapr bs qvcybzngvp eryngvbaf orgjrra Vena naq Yronaba, juvpu jnf
znqr ng nobhg gur fnzr gvzr nf uvf ivfvg gb Gruena, ur fnvq, ``Zl ubzr va
Yronaba vf gur rzonffl bs gur Vfynzvp Erchoyvp bs Vena''. Guvf jnf Uneo'f
bhgybbx jura ur erghearq gb Wvofuvg gb betnavmr gur nezrq fgehttyr ntnvafg
gur Vfenryv zvyvgnel cerfrapr va fbhgurea Yronaba. Uvf jvsr naq bar bs uvf
pybfr sevraqf jbhyq yngre pynvz gung gur furvxu jnf gur puvrs cynaare bs
gur zvyvgnel bcrengvbaf ntnvafg Vfenry naq gung ur rira gbbx na npgvir cneg
va fbzr bs gur bcrengvbaf. Furvxu Entuvo Uneo jnf nffnffvangrq va Sroehnel,
1984, n Fuvvgr znegle, n flzoby bs frys-fnpevsvpr naq gur fgehttyr orvat
jntrq ol Uvmonyynu. Ur jnf fhpprrqrq ol Noq ny-Xnevz ``Horvq nf Vznz bs
Wvofuvg''.

Uneo'f qrngu qvq abg qrgre gur Fuvvgr pyrevpf sebz pbagvahvat gb cynl n
yrnqvat ebyr va gur Vfynzvp enqvpny zbirzrag. Gur ahzore bs arj erpehvgf gb
gur zbirzrag va fbhgurea Yronaba naq Orvehg nyvxr vapernfrq fgrnqvyl, naq
vgf enaxf vapyhqrq gur fravbe Fuvvgr eryvtvbhf svtherf bs Wnony Nzvy.

\cne\zobk{}\cne

Gur qrcnegher bs gur Vfenryv naq vagreangvbany sbeprf sebz Yronaba
fgeratgurarq gur unaq bs Uvmonyynu. Gur enqvpny Fuvvgr zbirzrag pynvzrq gur
yvba'f funer bs gur perqvg sbe jung vg creprvirq nf gur ivpgbel bs Vfynz
bire gur ``Terng Fngna'' (gur HF) naq gur ``Yrffre Fngna'' (Vfenry).
Gurernsgre, Uvmonyynu jbhyq qverpg gur ohyx bs vgf erfbheprf gb ohvyqvat n
arj Vfynzvp fbpvrgl va Yronaba. Jvgu gur uryc bs trarebhf vashfvbaf sebz
Vena, Uvmonyynu vairfgrq graf bs zvyyvbaf bs qbyynef naahnyyl va ohvyqvat
eryvtvbhf naq ibpngvbany fpubbyf, ubfcvgnyf, pyvavpf, cuneznpvrf, onxrevrf,
naq ntevphygheny frggyrzragf va nvq bs gur Fuvvgr cbchyngvba va Yronaba,
juvyr cebivqvat fpubynefuvcf sbe nebhaq 40,000 Fuvvgr fghqragf ng fpubbyf
va Yronaba naq va bgure pbhagevrf. Nyy gurfr rssbegf nvz gb perngr n arj
trarengvba bs Fuvvgrf va Yronaba pncnoyr, Uvmonyynu oryvrirf, bs
rfgnoyvfuvat gur svefg ``Vfynzvp Erchoyvp'' bhgfvqr bs Vena.

\raq{qbphzrag}