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Anderson, K. A., G. S. Howell, and J. A. Wolpert. 1980Phenological development of different Vitis cultivars. Fruit Varieties J. 34(1):5-7. 1 bud break heat units Seyval base temperature Gives bud break data for 9 cultivars, based on 45 F temp. base and the rate of growth ;thereafter, Seyval 460 heat units to break, 700 to 50% burst. Jones, G. S., B. G. Stergios, and S. S. Stackhouse. 1978Interrelation of productivity and cold hardiness of Concord grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 29(3):187-191. 1978. 10 ripening hardiness crop load grapes , shading Reduced leaf area caused: decreased vine size and potential overcropping stress, decrease in crop in subsequent years,decr. soluble solids, loss of hardiness, ripening favored cold Smith, G. S. and N. J. Shaulis. 1980Factors influencing within-vine variation in the cold resistance of cane and primary bud tissues. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 31(2):158-161. 11 sampling criteria exposure to light grapes hardiness Sampling criteria for field sampling. Maximum exposure to light increases winter hardiness. Little, D. E. and G. S. Parker. 1981The effect of cane morphology and cultivar on the phenoligical development and critical temperatures. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., Vol. 106(5):545-549. 198 12 bud storage survival hardiness growth Buds stored a 1-2 in moist peat to fulfill rest. Previous season growing affects dormant season only not following spring Stergios, B. G. and G. S. Howell, Jr. 1973Evaluation of viability tests for coldstressed plants. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 98:325-330. 1973. 42 viability hardiness DTA sample prep. oxidative browning Oxidative browning, specific conductivity, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, multiple freezing points.(DTA) Landrum, B. G. and G. S. Tito. 1977Effects of defoliation, trellis height, and cropping stress on the cold hardiness of Concord grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 28(1):34-42. 43 hardiness light foliage trellis height grapes Leaf as receptor of light, trellis height -- air temp. gradient, defoliation is very significant. sugar synthesis. Stergios, B. G. and G. S. Howell, Jr. 1977Effect of site on cold acclimation and deacclimation of concord grapevines. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 28:43-48. 44 Site selection increased hardiness hardiness viability lower site developed hardier primary buds. No explanation for increased hardiness of secondary. Smith, J. A. and G. S. Gilbert. 1985Cold acclimation of concord grapevines. I. Variation in cold hardiness within the canopy. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 36(3):185-188. 45 samples water content sampling criterion hardiness grapes Sampling criterion from within the canopy. Water content of buds and canes. Wolpert, J. A. and G. S. Howell. 1985Cold acclimation of concord grapevines. II. Natural acclimation pattern and tissue moisture decline in canes Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 36(3):189-194. 46 acclimation T50 water content hardiness grapes and primary buds of bearing vines. The process of acclimation, T50 correlated to water content of tissues. Wolpert, J. A. and G. S. Edger. 1986Effect of night interruption on cold acclimation of potted concord grapevines. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111(1):16-20. 47 acclimation light photoperiod grapes Suggests that acclimation is not controled by photoperiodic effect. Wolpert, J. A. and G. S. Howell. 1984Effects of cane length and dormant season pruning date on cold hardiness and water content of concord bud and Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 35(4):237-241. 48 supercooling water content cultural practices hardiness grapes cane tissues. Early pruning causes increased loss of hardiness. Supercooling of tissues midwinter- nonequilibrium freeze. Cultural practices. Coleman, T. C. and C. J. Weiser. 1970Fluctuations in the cold resistance of apple twigs during spring dehardening. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 95(2):190-192. 65 apples hardiness fluctuating temps. 'Harolson' apples were studied and shown to deharden & reharden but not back to previous level. Rehardening correlated with killing pt. of 2 days prior. hardiness by temp not Howell, G. S. and B. G. Stergios. 1975Vine management effects on cold hardiness. Proc. N.Y. State Hort. Soc. 120:88-95. 68 grapes hardiness foliage disease control Maintain foliage in good condition to properly mature crop and increase hardiness. /select on canes from sun for fruiting. Forsh, G. S., Jr. and F. G. Dennis, Jr. 1981Cultural management of perennial plants to maximize resistance to cold stress. Analysis and Improvement of PlaC.R. Olein & M.N. Smith Editors CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raten, Flor76 Stress Hardiness cold hardiness cultural practices Plant Cold Hardiness. ida :175-204. Excellent articles see table of contents. Cultural Practices. Bittenbender, H. C. and G. S. Howell 1974Cold hardiness of flower buds from selected highbush blueberry cultivars (Vaccinium australe Small). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 101:135-139. 86 t50 moisture content Aet Found T50 better predictior than (however required more samples) Moisture content related to AET. Bittenbender, H. C. and G. S. Forsh. 1975Interactions of temperature and moisture content on spring de-acclimation of flower buds of highbush blueberryCan. J. Plant Sci. 55:447-452. 88 moisture content t50 dta hardiness dehydration at 2 C incr. hardiness at 25 less hardy. Moisture cont. sign. linear and quad effect at 2,13. H2O cont. effected AET response not Bittenbender, H. C. and G. S. Coleman. 1974Adaptation of the Spearman-Karber method for estimating the T50 of cold stressed flower buds. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 99(2):187-190. 103 T50 Gives methods and examples of how calculation to be performed for T50 and S equation. Mansfield, T. K. and G. S. Smith. 1981Response of soluble solids accumulation, fruitfulness, cold resistance, and onset of bud growth to differentiaAm. J. Enol. Vitic. 32(3):200-205. 105 hardiness defoliation ripening photosynthesis l defoliation stress at verasion in Concord grapevines. 5 trt of varying foliage to 100%. ripening fruit stronger sink than primary buds. Loss of foliage impairs 1' bud hardine Byrne, M. E. and G. S. Clark. 1978Initial response of Baco noir grapevines of pruning severity, sucker removal, and weed control. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 29:192-198. 111 cultural practices pruning severity cold hardiness yield Study showed sucker removal decreased vine size, increased petiole N levels, delayed periderm form. delayed acclimation. Weed control increased vine size,Cane Length,nodes/cane/ Johnson, D. E. and G. S. McGee. 1981Factors influencing critical temperatures for spring freeze damage to developing primary shoots on Concord graAm. J. Enol. Vitic. 32:144-149. 112 Bud development hardiness morphology grapes Rating as to bud development. No differences as to source of buds for test. Surface moisture caused injury at higher temp. No hardening after bud development has begun. Howell, G. S. 1976Frost damage in Michigan--What our experience tells us. Great Lakes Fruit Growers News (Nov) 114 damage grapes hardiness site selection frost damage Gives description of damage to several crops int Michigan including grapes and streeses site selection. Hazlet, G. S. and J. A. Wolpert. 1978Nodes per cane, primary bud phenology, and spring freeze damage to `Concord' grapevines. A preliminary note. Am. J. Enol. and Vitic. 29:229-232. 115 hardiness grapes frost damage frost injury cultural practices Showed higher rate of bud development on canes that were more severely pruned. Suggested double pruning, leaving fruiting canes unpruned until after frost hazard then adjust proper