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2..8/24/89: MSFC CONTRACTS FOR PURCHASE OF 60 SPACE SHUTTLE EXTERNAL TANKS
3..8/24/89: STS-34 BACKGROUND BRIEFINGS SET
4..8/18/89: POSTFLIGHT EXAMINATION OF STS-28 SHUTTLE BOOSTERS COMPLETE
5..8/18/89: VOYAGER SPACECRAFT DETECTS RADIO EMISSIONS FROM NEPTUNE
6..8/18/89: RADIO PROGRAMS ON NASA SELECT
7..8/17/89: Technology Test Bed Firing Of Space Shuttle Main Engine
8..8/16/89: GALILEO BRIEFING CANCELLED... SPACECRAFT SHOWING RESET
9..8/16/89: ANTENNA IN JAPAN TO AID VOYAGER'S RADIO SCIENCE STUDY OF NEPTUNE
10..8/15/89: SPACE SHUTTLE MAIN ENGINE TEST FIRING
11..8/15/89: NEW ROUND OF SOLID ROCKET MOTOR TESTING BEGINS
12..8/14/89: COLUMBIA POSTLANDING STATUS REPORT
13..8/14/89: BAMSI SELECTED FOR BASE MAINTENANCE MISSION SERVICES CONTRACT
14..8/11/89: NASA SELECT TELEVISION SCHEDULE
15..8/11/89: TWO PARTIAL RINGS OF NEPTUNE DISCOVERED BY VOYAGER SPACECRAFT
16..8/11/89: NEW ROUND OF SOLID ROCKET MOTOR TESTING TO BEGIN AT MARSHALL CENTER
17..8/9/89: NEW SYSTEM USES ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO MONITOR SPACECRAFT
18..8/8/89: NASA PARTICIPATES IN FIRST "AIRSHOW CANADA"
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8/24/89: STS-34 BACKGROUND BRIEFINGS SET
N89-61
The background briefings and astronaut press conference for
STS-34, the Oct. 12 flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis, are
scheduled for Sept. 5 and 6 at the Johnson Space Center, Houston.
STS-34 will deploy the Galileo spacecraft to study the
planet Jupiter.
A mission overview with the lead flight director and Galileo
spacecraft mission manager will begin at 1:30 p.m. EDT, Sept. 5,
followed at 3 p.m. by a briefing from the Galileo mission
scientist of the scientific observations to the made by the
planetary probe. Briefings on other STS-34 payloads and
experiments will follow.
The astronaut crew of STS-34 will hold a press conference at
11:15 a.m. EDT, Sept. 6.
All briefings will be carried live on NASA Select television
via Satcom F2R, transponder 13, 72 degrees west longitude. Two-
way question and answer capability will be available at NASA
Headquarters, Washington, D.C., the Jet Propulsion Laboratory,
Pasadena, Calif., the Kennedy Space Center, Fla., and the
Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala.
- end -
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8/18/89: POSTFLIGHT EXAMINATION OF STS-28 SHUTTLE BOOSTERS COMPLETE
Disassembly of the solid rocket boosters used in the most
recent Shuttle flight (STS-28) is virtually complete, and the
disassembled hardware will soon be returned from Cape Canaveral to
the processing facilities where it is refurbished for future use.
"Everything we've seen has been in very good condition -- I'd
say this is the cleanest hardware of the past five flights," said
Royce Mitchell, NASA's Solid Rocket Motor project manager at
Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala.
Mitchell said the post-flight assessment team found no
anomalies in any of the joint O-rings, either in the three field
joints of each booster motor, or in the case-to-nozzle joint at
the aft end of each motor. The O-rings play a vital part as a
sealing mechanism to prevent hot gas leakage from the combustion
chamber during motor firing.
In addition, the special sealing surfaces associated with the
joints -- such as insulation "J-seals" at each field joint and a
polysulfide adhesive used in the case-to-nozzle joints -- were
found to be in nominal condition. There was no indication of any
gas path across the sealing surfaces, Mitchell said, nor of
"blowholes" in the polysulfide which is applied when the
Zase-to-nozzle joints are assembled.
Mitchell said that the metal surfaces of field joints
continue to exhibit some of the localized "fretting" effect which
has been noted in recent flights. This is a slight pitting which
occurs on some of the metal surfaces, and appears to be caused by
rubbing of the surfaces where they are in tight contact. The
fretting is not a safety-of-flight concern, but is being studied
because of its potential effect on reusability of joint segments.
Engineers are looking for ways to minimize fretting so that it
does not limit the number of times that otherwise-acceptable
casing segments may be reused.
Examination of video footage from on-board cameras, plus
inspection of the recovered parachutes, showed that the canopies
which slow the boosters on their descent from high altitude to the
Atlantic Ocean worked properly, said Cary Rutland, solid rocket
booster project manager at the Marshall Center.
Early in the recovery process, inspection showed that an
aeroheat shield, or protective cover, was missing from one booster
separation motor on the nose section of the lefthand booster.
Rutland said this has occurred on some previous flights, and
indications are that the cover was lost after booster separation
from the Shuttle -- either during descent or on water impact.
Rutland also noted that the external insulation on forward
sections of the boosters was in excellent condition, indicating no
debris was generated during Shuttle ascent. He added that the
booster aft skirt elements were in "excellent" condition.
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8/18/89: VOYAGER SPACECRAFT DETECTS RADIO EMISSIONS FROM NEPTUNE
RELEASE: 89-134
NASA's Voyager 2 spacecraft has detected intense radio
emissions from Neptune, indicating that the planet has a magnetic
field.
The discovery, made by Voyager 2's planetary radio astronomy
instrument team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,
Calif., greatly increases the likelihood that the spacecraft will
discover a wide range of interesting phenomena related to a
magnetic field, such as aurora and possible radiation-darkened
ring arcs and moons.
The emissions are generated around planets by high-velocity,
charged particles as they spiral along magnetic field lines into
the planet's atmosphere.
At Neptune, "the radio emissions are very intense, very
impulsive and occur in a limited range of frequency," said Dr.
James Warwick, principal investigator on the planetary radio
astronomy experiment. The emissions, he added, are polarized,
"so we know we're dealing with a magnetic field. The source is
not lightning. It is related to energetic particles interacting
in a magnetic field."
A planetary magnetic field is a girdle of magnetic field
lines that surround a planet. Such fields are thought to be
generated by fluid motion in a planet's core (molten iron in
Earth's core, for example). Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn and
Uranus have magnetic fields, while Venus and Mars do not.
Whether Pluto has one or not is not known.
While the Neptunian radio emissions only were confirmed
today, Warwick said that in looking back over Voyager data, the
emissions were heard by the planetary radio astronomy instrument
as early as Aug. 14. The emissions were not immediately
recognized as being associated with Neptune, however, because
their character "was so different from what we were expecting,"
Warwick said.
Early analysis indicates that Neptune's magnetic field is of
an intensity similar to the magnetic fields of Earth and Uranus.
Voyager 2's close flyby over Neptune's northern hemisphere
will allow the spacecraft's complement of instruments to
determine Neptune's magnetic field structure and orientation.
As more data from the instrument is returned to Earth over
coming days, Warwick's team will be able to precisely define
Neptune's rotation -- the length of its day.
Voyager 2 will come within 3,000 miles of Neptune at 12
midnight on Aug. 24.
The Voyager mission is conducted for NASA's Office of Space
Science and Applications by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
- end -
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Kennedy Space Center Shuttle Processing Reports
0..Return to Previous Menu 1..Return to Spacelink Main Menu
2..FRIDAY AUG. 25 1989
3..THURSDAY AUG. 24 1989
4..WEDNESDAY AUG. 23 1989
5..TUESDAY AUG. 22 1989
6..MONDAY AUG. 21 1989
7..FRIDAY AUG. 18 1989
8..THURSDAY AUG. 17 1989
9..WEDNESDAY AUG. 16 1989
10..TUESDAY AUG. 15 1989
11..MONDAY AUG. 14 1989
12..THURSDAY AUG. 10 1989
13..WEDNESDAY AUG. 9 1989
14..STS-28 Solid Rocket Booster Recovery Status
15..MONDAY AUG. 7 1989
16..SUNDAY AUG. 6 1989
17..SATURDAY AUG. 5 1989
18..FRIDAY AUG. 4 1989
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FRIDAY, AUG. 25, 1989
STS-34 - ATLANTIS (OV 104) - VAB
Electrical connections between the tank and orbiter have
been completed and closeouts are underway. Power up testing is
planned for this evening to verify the critical connections
between the orbiter and tank and orbiter and mobile launcher
platform. Yesterday, engineers worked to resolve the
configuration of a connecting pin on the liquid oxygen electrical
connector between the tank and orbiter.
At the Vertical Processing Facility, the Galileo/Inertial
Upper Stage payload was transferred to Launch Pad 39-B early
this morning and is being installed in the Payload Changeout
Room today. Installation into the orbiter's payload bay is
scheduled for Aug. 30.
Because of the time required to resolve the liquid oxygen
electrical connector issue, Atlantis' move to Launch Pad 39-B has
been moved 24 hours, with first motion at 12:01 a.m. Tuesday,
August 29.
STS-33 - DISCOVERY (OV 103) - OPF BAY 1
Interface verification checks of the right orbital
maneuvering system pod are underway. Other activities scheduled
today include leak and functional testing of the auxiliary power
units, orbiter modifications and thermal protection system
operations. Technicians are installing heat shields around
engines one and three. Engine number 2 is scheduled to arrive
early next week and will be installed shortly afterwards. The
nose landing gear wheels and tire assemblies are scheduled to be
installed this weekend.
STS-32 - COLUMBIA (OV 102) - OPF BAY 2
Columbia was powered up yesterday for post-flight testing.
The protective tailcone was removed yesterday. Heatshields are
scheduled to be removed from around the main engines this weekend
and the engines will be removed next week. They will be taken to
the VAB main engine shop for post-flight inspections and for the
replacement of several components. Also next week, the flight
tires will be removed.
STS-33 SOLID ROCKET BOOSTERS - VAB
The left forward center segment was lifted into the high bay
over the stack where mating activities are underway. The segment
will be pinned to the stack tomorrow. The right aft booster is
being prepared at the RPSF for transfer to the VAB this weekend.
Booster stacking operations will continue on a non-interference
basis with the STS-34 orbiter mating activities.
# # # # #
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THURSDAY, AUG. 24, 1989
STS-32 - COLUMBIA (OV 102) - OPF BAY 2
Columbia is scheduled to be powered up today for post-flight
testing. The strongbacks are being attached to the payload bay
doors for opening next week. Preparations are underway to remove
the protective tailcone tonight after the body flap has been
positioned. Heatshields are scheduled to be removed from around
the main engines this weekend and the engines will be removed
next week.
STS-34 - ATLANTIS (OV 104) - VAB
The liquid hydrogen and oxygen tail service masts have been
mated to the orbiter and electrical connections between the
orbiter and external tank are underway. Power up testing is
planned tomorrow.
At the Vertical Processing Facility, the Galileo/Inertial
Upper Stage payload was installed in the payload canister today.
At about midnight, the canister will be transferred to Launch Pad
39-B.
Atlantis is scheduled to be transferred to Launch Pad 39-B
at 12:01 a.m. Monday, August 28.
STS-33 - DISCOVERY (OV 103) - OPF BAY 1
Interface verification checks of the right orbital
maneuvering system pod are underway. Other activities scheduled
today include leak and functional testing of the auxiliary power
units, orbiter modifications and thermal protection system
operations. Technicians are installing heat shields around
engines one and three. The nose landing gear wheels and tire
assemblies are scheduled to be installed this week.
STS-33 SOLID ROCKET BOOSTERS - VAB
The left forward center segment is scheduled to be lifted
today for pre-mating inspections. The right aft booster is being
prepared at the RPSF for transfer to the VAB this weekend.
Booster stacking operations will continue on a non-interference
basis with the STS-34 orbiter mating activities.
# # # # #
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Weekly NASA Lewis TV programs to be released by satellite.
DEAR BROADCASTER/Educator:
The Following NASA programs (each from 27 to 29 minutes long) are scheduled
for weekly distribution Sundays at 12 noon Eastern by the Southern
Educational Communications Association (SECA) via the WESTAR IV satellite,
transponder eleven direct (21), 6.8 megahertz audio frequency. For further
details, contact SECA, P.O. Box 50,008, Columbia, SC 29250; telephone (803)
799-5517.
July 2, 1989 Spaceworks #22 - STS-30 Mission/Launch of Magellan
July 9, 1989 Report to Education-Vol. #5 - NASA News Program
July 16, 1989 Moonwalk I/The Day Before - This program highlights the mood
of the people that surrounded the long-awaited Apollo 11
mission.
July 23, 1989 Moonwalk II/Adapting to a Space Environment - This episode
shows the testing procedures Apollo operators used to
simulate the space environment to make sure the astronauts
would survive outside of Earth's atmosphere. It also
examines the function of the different stages of the moon
rocket.
July 30, 1989 Moonwalk III/One Small Step - In this show, we take a look
at the magic Neil Armstrong created when he made that
historical step on the moon's surface.
Aug 6, 1989 Moonwalk IV/The Moon on Earth - An examination of the
research conducted by the scientists on the moon rocks after
the Apollo 11 return to Earth.
Aug 13, 1989 Spaceworks #11 - Exploration of the Outer Planets
Aug 20, 1989 Spaceworks #23 - Galieo Jupiter Project
Aug 27, 1989 Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Sept 3, 1989 Futurepath I - Space Station Power/Advanced Turboprop
Sept 10, 1989 Report to Education-Vol #6 - NASA News Program
Sept 17, 1989 Spaceworks #24 - Hubble Space Telescope
Sept 24, 1989 Futurepath II - Stirling & Diesel Engines
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HEADLINE NEWS/TV SKED 8/25/89
-----------------------------------------------------------------
NASA HEADLINE NEWS
FRIDAY, AUGUST 25, 1989 AUDIO: 202-755-1788
-----------------------------------------------------------------
THIS IS NASA HEADLINE NEWS FOR FRIDAY, AUGUST 25......
VOYAGER TWO'S ENCOUNTER WITH NEPTUNE CLIMAXED EARLY TODAY WHEN
THE TWELVE-YEAR-OLD SPACECRAFT SUCCESSFULLY PASSED ABOUT 3,000
MILES ABOVE THE GIANT PLANET AND WITHIN 23,000 MILES OF THE
NEPTUNE MOON TRITON. YESTERDAY, TWO NEW MOONS WERE DISCOVERED
TO BE ORBITING NEPTUNE AS WELL AS EVIDIENCE INDICATING A SECOND
COMPLETE RING AROUND THE PLANET. VOYAGER ALSO REVEALED THE FIRST
CLOUD SHADOWS EVER SEEN ON AN OUTER PLANET. THE IMAGES SHOW THE
PLANET'S BRIGHT CIRRUS-LIKE CLOUDS CASTING SHADOWS ON A LOWER
CLOUD DECK. AS A RESULT OF THESE IMAGES, SCIENTISTS YESTERDAY
ESTIMATED THAT THE CIRRUS-LIKE CLOUDS ARE 31 TO 46 MILES ABOVE
NEPTUNE'S MAIN CLOUD DECK.
CHECKOUTS OF THE ORBITER ATLANTIS AND OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE
STS-34 SHUTTLE PACKAGE ARE CONTINUING TODAY INSIDE THE KENNEDY
SPACE CENTER'S VEHICLE ASSEMBLY BUILDING. THE VEHICLE IS
SCHEDULED TO BE MOVED TO ITS LAUNCH PAD BEGINNING AT 12:01 A.M.
ON TUESDAY, AUGUST 29.
STS-34'S PRIMARY PAYLOAD, THE GALILEO SPACECRAFT, WAS INSTALLED
IN ITS PAYLOAD CANISTER YESTERDAY AND TRANSFERRED TO THE PAYLOAD
CHANGEOUT ROOM AT LAUNCH PAD 39-B THIS MORNING. THE
JUPITER-BOUND SATELLITE WILL BE INPLEMENTED INTO ATLANTIS'
PAYLOAD BAY LATE NEXT WEEK. LAUNCH OF ATLANTIS AND THE GALILEO
SPACECRAFT REMAINS TARGETED FOR OCTOBER 12.
NASA'S MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER YESTERDAY ANNOUNCED THE
AWARDING OF A $1.8 BILLION CONTRACT TO THE MARTIN MARIETTA
CORPORATION OF NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA. THE CONTRACT CALLS FOR
MARTIN MARIETTA TO PRODUCE 60 SPACE SHUTTLE TANKS TO BE DELIVERED
TO NASA AND USED IN THE 1990s. UNDER PREVIOUS AWARDS, 59
EXTERNAL TANKS WERE CONTRACTED FOR, AND 52 HAVE BEEN PRODUCED TO
DATE. THE EXTERNAL TANK IS THE LARGEST ELEMENT OF THE SPACE
SHUTTLE VEHICLE AND HOLDS THE HALF-OF-A-MILLION GALLONS OF LIQUID
HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN USED BY THE ORBITER'S MAIN ENGINES DURING
LAUNCH AND ASCENT. EXTERNAL TANKS ARE THE ONLY MAJOR
NON-REUSABLE ELEMENT OF THE SHUTTLE SYSTEM.
* * *
----------------------------------------------------------------
HERE'S THE BROADCAST SCHEDULE FOR PUBLIC AFFAIRS EVENTS ON NASA
SELECT TV. ALL TIMES ARE EASTERN.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
FRIDAY, AUGUST 25 THROUGH TUESDAY AUGUST 29...........
DAILY COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE OF THE VOYAGER ENCOUNTER WITH
NEPTUNE CONTINUES TODAY WITH HOURLY ON-SITE REPORTS AND NEWS
BRIEFINGS FROM THE JET PROPULSION LABORATORY IN PASADENA,
CALIFORNIA. COVERAGE WILL RUN FROM 12 NOON TO 2:30 A.M. THROUGH
AUGUST 29, WHEN THE ENCOUNTER OFFICIALLY ENDS. VOYAGER COVERAGE
CONCLUDES ON AUGUST 29 WITH A PRESS CONFERENCE SCHEDULED FROM 12
NOON TO 3 P.M.
VICE-PRESIDENT DAN QUALE WILL ADDRESS JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
EMPLOYEES AT 11:20 A.M. TODAY AND HOLD A NEWS CONFERENCE AT 12:25
P.M.
TRANSPONDER 13 ON SATCOM F2R AND TRANSPONDER 21 ON AURORA 1.
ALL EVENTS AND TIMES ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.
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Magellan Status Reports
0..Return to Previous Menu 1..Return to Spacelink Main Menu
2..MAGELLAN WEEKLY STATUS August 7 1989
3..MAGELLAN WEEKLY STATUS July 25 1989
4..MAGELLAN WEEKLY STATUS July 17 1989
5..MAGELLAN WEEKLY STATUS July 11 1989
6..MAGELLAN WEEKLY STATUS June 26 1989
7..MAGELLAN WEEKLY STATUS June 20 1989
8..MAGELLAN WEEKLY STATUS June 13
9..MAGELLAN WEEKLY STATUS June 6
10..MAGELLAN WEEKLY STATUS May 30-June 3 1989
11..MAGELLAN STATUS May 26 1989
12..MAGELLAN STATUS May 25 1989
13..MAGELLAN STATUS May 24 1989
14..MAGELLAN STATUS May 23 1989
15..MAGELLAN STATUS May 22 1989
16..MAGELLAN STATUS May 19 1989
17..MAGELLAN STATUS May 18 1989
18..MAGELLAN STATUS May 17 1989
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MAGELLAN WEEKLY STATUS August 7, 1989
This is a weekly status report. The Magellan spacecraft
continues to perform twice daily momentum wheel desaturations and
once daily star calibrations for attitude update. Numerous
additional Starcals were performed to calibrate the star scanner
to future guide stars and safing stars.
Continuing solar activity during the past week has resulted
in spurious interrupts in the star tracker for four of the daily
attitude update Starcals and two of the star scanner
calibrations. Seven Starcals were fully successful.
On August 1, the operations team performed the first
calibration of the High-Gain Antenna (HGA), involving a series
of spacecraft maneuvers to sweep two axes of the HGA across the
Deep Space Network (DSN) station. The HGA maneuver went well with
solid signals throughout the sweep, but the Starcal performed
before the HGA calibration had a spurious interrupt and
contaminated the initial attitude accuracy. The data is being
corrected to allow a computation of HGA misalignment.
Results of testing at Rocket Research show no performance
loss for the half-pound thruster or the five-pound thruster at
110 degrees C (230 F). The 100-pound engine did produce lower
impulse-bits during tests at 120 C (248 F) and 90 C (194 F), but
it is unclear if this is temporary or permanent. The answer will
remain unresolved until the final tests.
Computer sequence C-8 was uploaded August 4 and execution
began on August 7. Final sequence development for C-9 will
commence following approval of final sequence planning and
preliminary sequence development for C-10 has begun.
SPACECRAFT
Distance From Earth (mi) 16,173,246
Velocity Geocentric 16,458 mph
Heliocentric 72,992 mph
One Way Light Time 86.8 seconds
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Voyager Status Reports
0..Return to Previous Menu 1..Return to Spacelink Main Menu
2..8/22/89: Voyager Press Conference Summary
3..8/21/89: Voyager Press Conference Summary
4..Trajectory Correction Maneuver Aug. 21 1989
5..Voyager Status Report August 15 1989
6..Voyager Status Report August 11 1989
7..Voyager Status Report August 8 1989
8..Voyager Status Report August 2 1989
9..Voyager Status Report August 1 1989
10..Voyager Status Report July 25 1989
11..Voyager Status 7/18
12..Voyager Status Report July 11 1989
13..Voyager Status Report July 7 1989
14..Voyager Status Report July 5 1989
15..Voyager Status Report 6/27
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8/22/89: Voyager Press Conference Summary
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 91109
BRIEFING SUMMARY August 22, 1989
The first complete ring around Neptune has been
discovered in images sent to Earth by Voyager 2, Dr. Brad
Smith said today.
The existence of a ring that completely encircles
Neptune surprised scientists, because repeated observations
from Earth have failed to see ring material on opposite sides
of the planet at the same distance. Those observations led
scientists to speculate that portions of rings, or "ring
arcs," were responsible for the Earth-based findings.
The new ring is so diffuse, observers on Earth
would be unable to see it, Smith, leader of Voyager's imaging
team, explained.
The new ring appeared in a series of images sent
to Earth early this morning, and scientists are still trying
to process the data to extract more information. "We can't
tell much about the ring yet," Smith said. "When we get
behind Neptune and can look back toward the Sun, we'll have
the benefit of forward scattering of sunlight by the
individual ring particles," he explained.
"We can't tell how large or small the particles in
the ring are, or how wide it is, now, because it is so
faint," Smith said.
The new ring lies just outside the orbit of the
newly discovered satellite provisionally called 1989N3, about
53,200 kilometers (33,000 miles) from the center of Neptune.
Neptune itself, meanwhile, continues to put on a
meteorological show for scientists at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory. Dr. Edward C. Stone, Voyager project scientist,
said the spacecraft's ultraviolet spectrometer will search
for auroral activity (like the northern and southern lights
of Earth) near Neptune's south pole.
Streaks of bright, white clouds continue to race
across Neptune's bluish atmosphere. Methane is responsible
for Neptune's bluish hue, and it hides clouds at lower
altitudes, while those higher in the atmosphere are bright.
Weather forecasts made by Voyager's atmospheric
specialists " still have some problems, but they are accurate
enough that we're giving them thumbs up," Smith said.
Smith showed photographs of Neptune's largest
satellite, Triton, which showed a mottled surface in a
variety of pinkish hues. "We won't be able to understand
Triton's surface until we get close enough to resolve
geological details," he said.
Voyager 2 will make its closest approach to Neptune
about 9 p.m. (PDT), Aug. 24, 4,500 kilometers (3,000 miles)
above the clouds. Closest approach to Triton will occur
about five hours later.
The Voyager Mission is conducted by JPL for NASA's
Office of Space Science and Applications.
#####
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8/21/89: Voyager Press Conference Summary
PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICE
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIF. 91109
BRIEFING SUMMARY August 21, 1989
NASA's Voyager 2 has detected radio emissions from Neptune
with a 16-hour period, which can be explained most simply as the
rotation period of Neptune's interior, Dr. James Warwick said
today.
"In a large, liquid planet with strong winds, the interior
rotates significantly differently from surface features," Warwick
said, so the interior rotation period is the best indication of
the length of its day.
The 16-hour period is 1 hour, 52 minutes less than
scientists had expected for Neptune, the last planet that
Voyager will visit.
Voyager 2 photographs of the planet show a dynamic,
constantly changing atmosphere with large and small "spots"
reminiscent of the atmosphere of Jupiter. The largest, called
the "Great Dark Spot" by mission scientists, reminds them of the
Great Red Spot on Jupiter.
"It is about the same proportion to the planet's size; it is
at the same latitude, and it may be slightly redder than
Neptune," said Dr. Bradford A. Smith, Voyager imaging team
leader. "That doesn't mean it's red," Smith said, "but that it's
not as blue as the rest of the planet.
"Neptune is an extremely dynamic planet, with less than 50
percent of Jupiter's energy," Smith said.
Images of the planet show bright clouds in the atmosphere
that Smith said "are reminiscent of cirrus clouds on Earth."
They appear to be at extremely high altitudes, so high that the
methane in Neptune's atmosphere doesn't cause them to appear
blue. The planet's blue color is caused by absorption of longer
wavelengths of light by methane. Some bright clouds disappear
over time, which Smith said indicates that they may be rising and
falling, rather than disappearing.
Images of Neptune's largest satellite, Triton, appear to
show surface features that rotate at about the same rate as
Triton's expected 5.88-day orbital period. Triton is smaller
than had been estimated from Earth-based observations. "Triton
has been shrinking as we approached," Smith quipped, "until we
feared that by the time we arrived it might be gone. It will
surely turn out to be between 1,380 and 1,400 kilometers radius."
Earlier this morning, Voyager 2 performed the final
trajectory-correction maneuver of its 12-year, one-day flight.
Project Manager Norm Haynes said the maneuver was designed to
trim up Voyager's 2's trajectory for the time when the spacecraft
disappears behind Triton, as seen from both Earth and the Sun.
"We had no safety concerns," Haynes explained. "Before the
TCM, Voyager would have performed the Earth occultation, but not
the Sun occultation. Now we'll do both." Haynes said the
maneuver, which altered Voyager 2's speed by about 1/2 meter per
second, changed its direction more than its speed.
Dr. Edward C. Stone, Voyager project scientist, described
calculations that scientists have performed that indicate the big
satellite could have been liquid for as much as 1 billion years
of its history. That could have happened, Stone said, if Triton
had been captured by Neptune as it passed close to the planet.
NASA launched Voyager 2 on Aug. 20, 1977, two weeks before
its twin spacecraft, Voyager 1. Both flew past Jupiter and
Saturn, and Voyager 2 encountered Uranus in 1986, on the way to
the Neptune encounter, which prompted Stone to characterize this
flyby as "the final movement in the Voyager symphony."
The Voyager Mission is conducted by JPL for NASA's Office of
Space Science and Applications.
#####
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Trajectory Correction Maneuver Aug. 21, 1989
Trajectory Correction Maneuver B20 (TCM B20) is the last
course-change maneuver to target the spacecraft at the
desired point of closest approach, approximately 4,850
kilometers (3,000 miles) above Neptune's northern hemisphere
at about 9 p.m. PDT on Aug. 24.
TCM B20 is designed to nudge Voyager 2 slightly to the
right and increase its velocity by just 0.470 meter per
second (1.1 miles per hour). The maneuver will place the
spacecraft 171 kilometers (91 miles) farther away from
Neptune than it would otherwise be headed; this will put
Voyager 2 some 708 kilometers (439 miles) closer to Triton
than it otherwise would have been when the spacecraft passes
that moon at approximately 2 a.m. PDT on Aug. 25.
For controllers at JPL, the maneuver will start at 8:14
a.m. PDT Monday, Aug. 21, although the event will have
actually started at the spacecraft 4 hours, 5 minutes and 24
seconds earlier -- the time it takes for Voyager's radio
signal to reach Earth. The maneuver itself takes 1 hour and
40 minutes, but planners had earlier allotted a 5-hour window
in the spacecraft's scheduled activities to execute a longer
course change had it been needed. Signals from the
spacecraft due on Earth at 2:30 p.m. should confirm that the
trajectory correction was successfully completed.
TCM B20 will not use Voyager's trajectory correction
hydrazine jets, but will instead rely upon the spacecraft's
attitude control thrusters to accomplish a series of four
rolls of the spacecraft to accomplish the required course
change. The slight lateral motion imparted to the spacecraft
by the rolls will result in the desired trajectory
correction while keeping the spacecraft's radio antenna
pointed at Earth. The maneuver allows Voyager controllers to
remain in contact with the spacecraft throughout the
exercise, and permits early resumption of normal spacecraft
activities after the course correction.
#####
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VOYAGER 2's HEALTH
The Voyager spacecraft engineering team has learned to cope
creatively with several problems the geriatric machine has
experienced in its long lifetime. Still, the spacecraft and all
of its instruments are in good operating condition.
Malfunctioning Radio
On April 5, 1978, the spacecraft's computer-command
subsystem automatically switched to the back-up receiver. The
back-up at that point had concealed a problem of its own -- a
faulty tracking loop capacitor -- meaning that the receiver could
not hold onto the changing frequency of the transmitted signal.
This required the ground transmitter to send the precise
frequency, taking into account the Doppler shift caused by the
relative motion between the spacecraft and Earth, so that it
would match the frequency that the receiver on the spacecraft was
expecting. That frequency depends on a number of factors,
including the receiver's temperature which fluctuates with
spacecraft activity. When the prime receiver was turned back on,
it failed almost immediately, requiring that the rest of the
mission be flown on the tone-deaf back-up receiver.
Voyager engineers have determined how the tuning depends on
temperature and how the operation of different subsystems onboard
affects the temperature of the receiver. Even so, there is a
period after any change in the spacecraft's configuration when it
is impossible to know the receiver's temperature with adequate
precision. As a result, commands are not routinely transmitted
to Voyager after a change in the spacecraft configuration until
the receiver's temperature has had time to stabilize.
If need be, controllers can send commands to the spacecraft
at different frequencies in rapid succession to ensure that one
will be picked up by the receiver. This and other techniques,
that work around the crippled receiver, were successfully
employed at Jupiter and have been refined further in ensuing
years.
There is always a chance that the backup receiver could fail
or lose contact with Earth permanently. The Voyager team has
planned against this possibility by programming a backup
spacecraft computer with simplified encounter routines for
execution at Neptune. The spacecraft has been instructed to send
data back to Earth even in the event that it loses uplink
contact.
The Stuck Scan Platform
In 1981, Voyager 2's scan platform jammed in one axis just
after its Saturn encounter. The problem limited pointing of the
instruments for the duration of the encounter.
After 2 days, the platform was again movable. Three years
of analysis and testing showed that the problem was due to a loss
of lubricant from overuse at high speeds, which resulted in
damage to a bearing in the high-speed gear train of the
platform. The lubricant apparently migrated back into the gear
train after a short period of rest and the platform was
successfully operated at lower speeds during the Uranus
encounter.
The scan platform continues to be fully operable at lower
speeds and has operated successfully during the cruise to
Neptune. It is expected to operate without problems through the
end of the Neptune encounter.
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VOYAGER MANAGEMENT TEAM
NASA Office of Space Science and Applications
Dr. Lennard Fisk Associate Administrator
A. V. Diaz Deputy Associate Administrator
Dr. Geoffrey A. Briggs Director, Solar System Exploration Division
Harry Mannheimer Program Manager
Dr. William E. Brunk Program Scientist
NASA Office of Space Operations
Charles T. Force Associate Administrator
Robert M. Hornstein Director, Ground Networks Division
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Dr. Lew Allen Director
Dr. Peter T. Lyman Deputy Director
Walker E. Giberson Assistant Laboratory Director for Flight Projects
Larry N. Dumas Assistant Laboratory Director for Tracking and Data
Acquisition
Norman R. Haynes Project Manager
George P. Textor Mission Director/Deputy Project Manager
Richard P. Rudd Deputy Mission Director
Charles E. Kohlhase Manager, Mission Planning Office
Allan L. Sacks Manager, Ground Data Systems
J. Pieter deVries Manager, Flight Science Office
Dr. Lanny N. Miller Manager, Flight Engineering Office
Douglas G. Griffith Manager, Flight Operations Office
Henry Cox Manager, Tracking and Data Systems
Dr. Ellis D. Miner Assistant Project Scientist
California Institute of Technology
Dr. Edward C. Stone Project Scientist
- end -
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JET PROPULSION LABORATORY
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (180-205)
4800 Oak Grove Drive
Pasadena, CA 91109
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is located near
Pasadena, Calif., approximately 20 miles northeast of Los
Angeles.
JPL, occupying 177 acres of land, is a government-owned
facility staffed by the California Institute of Technology. JPL
operates under a NASA contract administered by the NASA Pasadena
office. In addition to the Pasadena site, JPL operates the Deep
Space Communications Complex, a station of the worldwide Deep
Space Network (DSN) located at Goldstone, Calif., on 40,000 acres
of land occupied under permit from the U.S. Army.
The laboratory is engaged in activities associated with deep
space automated scientific missions -- engineering subsystem and
instrument development, and data reduction and analysis required
by deep space flight. Current NASA flight projects under JPL
management include Voyager, Galileo, Magellan and the Mars
Observer. Major instruments under development include the Wide
Field/ Planetary Camera for Space Telescope, the scatterometer
instrument for the Navy's NROSS satellite and the Shuttle Imaging
Radar (SIR-C).
The laboratory designs and tests flight systems, including
complete spacecraft, and provides technical direction to
contractor organizations. JPL operates the worldwide deep space
tracking and data acquisition network (DSN) and maintains a
substantial technology program to support present and future NASA
flight projects and to increase capabilities of the laboratory.
Non-NASA work at JPL includes tasks for the Departments of
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Johnson Space Center
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LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
Johnson Space Center (AP4)
Houston, TX 77058
Johnson Space Center is located on NASA Road 1, adjacent to
Clear Lake, and about 20 miles southeast of downtown Houston via
Interstate 45. Additional facilities are located at nearby
Ellington Field, approximately 7 miles north of the center.
Johnson Space Center was established in September 1961 as
NASA's primary center for design, development and testing of
spacecraft and associated systems for manned flight; selection
and training of astronauts; planning and conducting manned
missions; and extensive participation in the medical, engineering
and scientific experiments carried aboard space flights.
Johnson has program management responsibility for the Space
Shuttle program, the nation's current manned space flight
program. Johnson also has a major responsibility for the
development of the Space Station, a permanently manned,
Earth-orbiting facility to be constructed in space and operable
within a decade. The center will be responsible for the
interfaces between the Space Station and the Space Shuttle.
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materials testing.
Johnson Space Center is one of the major tourist attractions
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each year. While most of the 100 buildings, situated on 1,620
acres, are office space and laboratories, five buildings are open
to the public every day except Christmas.
Briefings are conducted daily at the Mission Control Center,
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accessible on a self-guided basis, house spacecraft and space
artifacts. Aaron Cohen is center director.
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The Kennedy Space Center
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AMERICA'S SPACEPORT
ANTECEDENTS...
The John F. Kennedy Space Center...America's Spaceport...is the
doorway to outer space. From its unique facilities, men and machines have begun
the exploration of the solar system, reaching out to the Sun, the Moon, the
planets -- and beyond. While these spectacular achievements have fired the
imagination of people throughout the world, and enriched the lives of millions,
they represent only a beginning. At America's Spaceport, humanity's long
cherished dream of establishing permanent outposts on the new space frontier is
becoming a reality.
Yet, our leap toward the stars is but an epilogue to a rich and
colorful past...an almost forgotten legacy replete with Indian lore, stalwart
adventurers, sunken treasure and hardy pioneers. For the sands of America's
Spaceport bear the imprint of New World history from its earliest beginnings.
Long before modern man erected his steel and concrete sentinels,
the Spaceport was inhabited by dusky-skinned hunters -- the Paleo peoples --who
crossed the continent from Asia by way of the frozen Bering Sea some 12,000 to
20,000 years ago. When Columbus landed at San Salvador (Bahamas) in the
fifteenth century, the area was home to the fierce and often cannibalistic Ais
and Timucuan Indians. By the middle 1800s, these aboriginal tribes had
virtually disappeared, the victims of internal strife, disease and conflict
with a new and formidable foe -- light-skinned people who came from across the
open waters to the east in huge canoes with white wings.
These were the European explorers who came in search of eternal
youth, wealth, territory and religious freedom -- first, the Spanish in 1513,
then the French and later the English. Among these adventurers were such
notables as Juan Ponce de Leon, Hernando de Soto, Pedro Menendez de Aviles and
Jean Ribault.
During the centuries that followed, Florida, which sat astride
the main sea route between Europe and the Gulf of Mexico, was bitterly
contested by the European powers. Throughout this swashbuckling era, America's
Spaceport remained a virtual wilderness. But its coastal waters reverberated to
the sounds of musket and cannon as pirates and privateers preyed upon Spanish
treasure ships laden with riches from the mines of Mexico and Peru. Shoals,
reefs and storms also exacted their toll on the treasure fleets, leaving behind
a sunken bonanza now being reaped by modern-day treasure hunters.
By the early eighteenth century, America's Spaceport echoed to
the footsteps of other intruders -- English settlers and their Indian allies
(the latter to become known as the Seminoles) from colonies in Georgia and
South Carolina. Thus, began a new era of conflict and expansion which would
continue until the end of the Second U.S.- Seminole Indian War in 1842.
Against this backdrop, permanent settlement of the Spaceport
area began. And in the years following the American Civil War, small rural
towns and communities sprang up along a 70-mile-long stretch of mainland,
rivers and beaches later to become known as Brevard County. The principal
industries were agriculture, fishing and tourism.
After World War II, however, another kind of industry took root in
the area, one destined to bring explosive growth and international stature.
Brevard County, by virtue of its most prominent geographical feature -- Cape
Canaveral -- had become the focal point of a new era of exploration -- the
Space Age.
The first step in the transformation began in October 1949, when
President Harry Truman established the Joint Long Range Proving Ground
(currently known as the Air Force Eastern Test Range), a vast overwater
military rocket test range extending 10,000 miles down the Atlantic from Cape
Canaveral to Ascension Island.
The Cape was ideal for testing missiles. Virtually uninhabited, it
enabled personnel to inspect, fuel and launch missiles without danger to nearby
communities. The area's climate also permitted year- round operations, and
rockets could be launched over water instead of populated areas. The first
launch from the Cape was conducted by a military-civilian team on July 24,
l950. The rocket, a modified German V-2 with an attached upper stage, attained
an altitude of 10 miles.
By the late 1950s, the military services had elevated their
sights from missile testing to launching artificial satellites. On January 31,
l958, America's (and the free-world's) first satellite -- Explorer I -- was
launched from Cape Canaveral by a military-civilian team of the Army's Missile
Firing Laboratory. This group, under the direction of Kurt H. Debus, a key
member of the famed Wernher von Braun rocket team, later formed the nucleus of
the Kennedy Space Center.
With the creation of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) in October 1958, the nation turned its attention to the
peaceful exploration of space. Cape Canaveral thundered with the sound of
rockets carrying sophisticated instruments and payloads to explore mankind's
newest frontier. And soon, a new breed of pioneers -- American astronauts --
were soaring skyward from the Cape to take their first faltering steps beyond
the Earth.
But even as the first Americans ventured into space, more
ambitious undertakings were planned. In May 1961, President John F. Kennedy
announced that the U.S. would send men to the Moon and back by the end of the
decade. The program, called Apollo, would require the largest rocket ever built
-- the 363-foot-tall Saturn V.
The Cape, which had served so well up to now, was inadequate as a
launch site for the monstrous vehicle, and an adjacent location was selected.
Shortly afterwards, the first steel and concrete structures of America's
Spaceport sprouted from the marsh and scrublands of northern Merritt Island.
Concurrently, NASA's Launch Operations Directorate at Cape
Canaveral, an element of the newly formed Marshall Space Flight Center, was
elevated to independent status in July l962 and renamed the Launch Operations
Center. It was renamed the John F. Kennedy Space Center in November l963, in
honor of the slain president.
Five and a half years later, in July 1969, the first humans
departed from the Spaceport's Launch Complex 39 to walk on the Moon. Following
completion of the Apollo Lunar Landing Program, the facilities of the Spaceport
were modified to support the nation's newest launch vehicle -- the reusable
Space Shuttle.
And so it is today. Kennedy Space Center... America's
Spaceport...has become the "gateway to the universe," home port for voyages of
exploration undreamed of centuries ago -- manned by men and women who, like
their forebears, still dream of discovering and settling new worlds.
MISSION...
From Redstone to Saturn to Space Shuttle, from the time of the
earliest scientific and applications satellites to the threshold of the Space
Station era, the Kennedy Space Center has been the primary launch base for the
nation's manned and unmanned space programs.
It is here, at America's Spaceport, that the dreams and aspirations
of space planners reach fruition...where the individual parts of a space
mission come together for the first time -- to be melded into a single,
cohesive element and boosted into space.
At Launch Complex 39 where moon rockets were once readied for
flight, engineers and technicians prepare the resuable Space Shuttle for manned
Earth-orbital missions. Unmanned rockets are processed and launched at
complexes on nearby Cape Canaveral.
Cargoes destined for space -- whether a planetary explorer to
survey Jupiter and Saturn, a communications satellite for a private firm, or a
military payload for the Department of Defense -- are assembled and tested in
specially designed and equipped laboratories.
Elements of the Spaceport team have also conducted launch
operations for unmanned polar-orbiting missions at the Western Test Range in
California, and supported Air Force Space Shuttle activities on the West Coast
at Vandenberg AFB.
The history of the Kennedy Space Center is a chronicle of the space
age, written in the blinding glare and thunder of rockets and space vehicles.
Its distinguished record of achievement in the development and conduct of space
vehicle checkout and launch operations is unmatched.
As the future unravels, the people and resources of America's
Spaceport will continue to be a major force in our nation's effort to explore
and utilize space for the benefit of all humanity.
##
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ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE: A History of the NACA and NASA, 1915-1990
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5. New Facilities, New Designs (1930-1945)
6. Going Supersonic (1945-1958)
7. On the Fringes of Space (1958-1964)
8. Tortoise Becomes Hare (1964-1969)
9. Aerospace Dividends (1969-1973)
10. On the Eve of the Shuttle (1973-1980)
11. Aerospace Flights (1980-1986)
12. New Directions (since 1986)
13. Summary
14. Bibliographic Essay
15. The NASA History Series
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SUMMARY
During the halcyon era between World War I and World War II, the NACA's
work on airfoils, engine cowlings, icing, and other problems drew the
attention of aeronautical engineers around the world. There were also
institutional changes, especially in the 1930s, when the agency became more
attuned to industry trends and became more politically aware in its
interaction with congressional committees. World War II brought the most
dramatic changes: research geared to national security; growth from one
small facility to three spacious centers sited coast-to-coast; and
ballooning budgets and personnel rosters. For all its successes, the agency
also lost some of its luster as European advances in gas turbines and
high-speed flight received postwar attention.
The postwar era entailed Cold War tensions and national security budgets
that promoted advanced flight research. The NACA flourished. Cooperative
programs with the military brought the X-1 and X-15 into being. These
programs also moved the NACA out of the tradition of research and flight
testing by adding responsibilities for design and program management as
well. The old "advisory" committee had become a major R&D bureaucracy.
The shock of the successful Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957 altered the
NACA forever. Granted billion-dollar budgets by Congress, the new NASA was
thrust into an international spotlight as America's answer to the Soviet
Union for leadership in space exploration. With four new Centers, NASA
rapidly developed skills in the novel field of astronautics. Personnel also
had to build new skills as managers of huge budgets and mature aerospace
contractors scattered across the continent. The spotlight of the space race
also intensified the agency's problems when projects missed deadlines and
when astronauts died. Still, Apollo was a successful effort and an historic
achievement. While issues of American and Soviet competition for global
influence colored the origins of the program and the triumphant voyage of
Apollo 11, the new awareness of the fragile existence of
Earth within our universe also fostered a promising spirit of international
cooperation.
The post-Apollo era was not necessarily clear in terms of missions and
purpose. The sense of urgency that spurred Apollo had dissipated. In
aeronautics, NASA made sure progress in hypersonic flight and began highly
beneficial programs to control pollution, reduce engine noise, and enhance
fuel economy--programs that assumed growing importance in an environmentally
conscious society. In astronautics, the Space Shuttle was a fascinating
program, although critics maintained that it was a complex system with no
major or scientific mission to justify its expense. A proposed Space
Station, which would absorb numerous Shuttle flights, was plagued by budget
issues; it was not expected to be operational until some time in the
1990s.
Meanwhile, the loss of Challenger in 1986 underscored the
risk of relying so heavily on the Shuttle at the expense of expendable
launch vehicles. Reorganizing priorities for military and civil payloads
proved to be a frustrating exercise. A renewed wave of criticism concerning
lower budgets for space science surfaced, a reminder of controversies over
manned versus unmanned flights that had been going on since the early days
of the space program. There was also concern stemming from various studies
that noted the constraining effects that seemed endemic to large
bureaucracies, as well as the demographic realities of a work force--heavily
recruited in the 1960s--that might lose its sense of adventure as the time
for retirement loomed.
In 1990, the 75th anniversary of its origins as the National Advisory
Committee for Aeronautics, NASA nonetheless appears to be on a
steady course. With new initiatives in commercial space programs and a
broad spectrum of projects for applied science and technology in daily
life, NASA surely has ventured far from its aeronautical origins in 1915.
But the dynamics of flight--whether spacecraft or aircraft--still pervade the
agency's principal activities. Beginning in 1988 with the STS-26 mission of
the Discovery, manned missions aboard the Shuttle have
resumed. At the same time, use of expendable launch vehicles have picked
up, evidence that NASA planners are serious in attempting to broaden their
options for getting payloads into orbit. Looking ahead, the Hubble Space
Telescope is only one of many promising ventures in the area of space
science and applications. The final agreements for international
development of the Space Station have been signed. A broad spectrum of
international scientific investigations are underway. NASA has also joined
with the U.S. DoD and the United Kingdom pioneers in vertical takeoff and
landing aircraft like the Harrier to foster the research and technology for
an advanced short takeoff and landing aircraft, continuing a European
connection that dates back to the founding of the agency in 1915. The
forward swept wing X-29 continues an impressive flight research program;
elsewhere, the development of low-speed propfan technology promises
significant gains in fuel efficiency for subsonic airliners of the
future.
The dynamics of flight promise to be just as challenging and fascinating in
the future as they have been in the past.
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NASA and its Centers
0. Previous Menu 1. Return to Main Menu
2. The NASA Centers
3. The Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958
4. Orders of Magnitude: A History of NACA and NASA, 1915-1990
5. NASA Objectives
6. NASA Funding Information
7. NASA Budget FY90
8. NASA Expenditures by State
9. NASA Art Program
10. Space Program Q & A
11. Truly/Thompson Bios
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O B J E C T I V E S F O R N A S A
o Maintain U.S. leadership in space aeronautics, science, and
technology.
o Study potential benefits of space for peaceful and scientific
purposes.
o Expand knowledge of phenomena in the atmosphere and space.
o Improve utility and efficiency of aeronautical and space
vehicles.
o Develop and operate vehicles to carry experiments, living
organisms, and supplies through space.
o Further international cooperation and understanding through
use of space.
o Transfer new scientific knowledge and technology to U.S.
economy.
o Most effectively utilize scientific and engineering resources
in cooperation with other agencies.
o Make available to National Defense, discoveries of military
significance.
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NASA BUDGET APPROPRIATIONS ($ IN BILLIONS)
FY88 9.0
FY89 10.8
Marshall Space Flight Center Budget ($ in billions)
FY88 2.2
FY89 2.7
______________________________________________________________________
NASA BUDGET COMPARED WITH OTHER FEDERAL OUTLAYS
IN FY 1966 AND FY 1989*
( $ IN BILLIONS)
FY 1966 FY 1989 % CHANGE
TOTAL FEDERAL BUDGET 134.5 240.7 + 76 %
Defense Dept. 57.4 62.8 + 07 %
Health & Human Services/ 26.4 87.3 + 224 %
Social Security
N A S A 5.9 2.4 - 60 %
THE FY 1989 BUDGET REQUEST REPRESENTS A 60% DECREASE IN SPENDING POWER
FROM FY 1966
* EXPRESSED IN CONSTANT 1966 $
______________________________________________________________________
PROPORTION OF FEDERAL BUDGET DEVOTED TO NASA IN FY 1966 AND FY 1989*
( $ IN BILLIONS)
FY 1966 FY 1989
TOTAL FEDERAL BUDGET 134.5 240.7
NASA BUDGET 5.9 2.4
NASA FUNDING HAS DECREASED FROM 4% OF THE TOTAL FEDERAL BUDGET IN FY
1966 TO ONLY 1% IN FY 1989
* EXPRESSED IN CONSTANT 1966 $
______________________________________________________________________
INVESTMENT IN SPACE PROGRAM U S A VS. U S S R *
( $ IN BILLIONS)
G N P SPACE BUDGET % OF G N P
U S A $ 4174 B $ 25 B .6 %
U S S R $ 2146 B $ 30 B 1.4 %
THE SOVIET UNION SPENDS 2.3 TIMES AS MUCH OF ITS NATIONAL WEALTH ON
SPACE AS THE UNITED STATES.
* FY 1987 ESTIMATES
______________________________________________________________________
(THOUSANDS)
40_______
|
| ___
| | | 35,708
30_______| | |
| | |
| | |
| | | ___
20_______| | | | | 22,646
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
10_______| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
|__________|___|____________|___|_____________
FY 1966 FY 1987
NASA HAS EXPERIENCED A 37% DECLINE IN ITS WORKFORCE FROM FY 1966 TO FY
1987
______________________________________________________________________
NASA BUDGET, ECONOMY FACTS
BUDGET
* NASA budget peaked in 1966 at about 4-1/2 cents per tax dollar
* NASA budget has steadily declined since that time.
TODAY
* '89 NASA budget: less than 1 cent per tax dollar
* '89 DOD budget: 28 cents per tax dollar
* '89 HHS budget: 20 cents per tax dollar
(not incl. Soc. Security)
* '89 DOEducation budget: 2 cents per tax dollar
* '89 HUD budget: 2 cents per tax dollar
(LEGEND: 1 cent= approximately $10.9 billion)
ECONOMY
* Every dollar spent by NASA is spent on Earth, not in space
* Each U.S. dollar spent on aerospace projects has generated
about seven dollars of economic activity in return
* Spinoffs from developed-for-space technology have an enormous
impact on the U.S. economy. Medical devices alone have
resulted in an estimated total economic impact of
$1.8 billion since 1973
* Of all U.S. industries, Aerospace provides the largest trade
surplus: $17 billion
* NASA programs mean employment: space related industries
account for over 200,000 U.S. jobs.
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NASA FY 1990 BUDGET SUMMARY
(Millions of Dollars)
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
FY 1989 FY 1990
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 4266.6 5751.6
SPACE FLIGHT, CONTROL & DATA COMMUNICATIONS 4464.2 5139.6
CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 275.1 341.8
RESEARCH & PROGRAM MANAGEMENT 1891.6 2032.2
INSPECTOR GENERAL (8.6) 8.8
TOTAL BUDGET AUTHORITY 10897.5 13274.0
====================== ======= =======
OUTLAYS 10678.0 12706.8
FULL-TIME EQUIVALENTS 23,150 23,846
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
FY 1990 BUDGET SUMMARY
(Millions of Dollars)
FY 1989 FY 1990
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 4266.6 5751.6
======================== ====== ======
Space Station 900.0 2050.2
Space Transportation Capability Development 681.0 639.0
Spacelab 88.6 98.9
Upper Stages 138.8 88.6
Engineering & Technical Base 155.4 189.8
Payload Operations & Support Equipment 64.7 81.1
Advanced Programs 52.7 48.7
Tethered Satellite System 26.4 19.9
Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle 73.0 107.0
Advanced Launch System 81.4 5.0
Space Science & Applications 1830.2 1995.3
Physics and Astronomy 734.1 894.5
Hubble Space Telescope Development 95.9 67.0
Gamma Ray Observatory Development 41.9 26.7
Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility 16.0 44.0
Global Geospace Science 64.4 112.3
Payload & Instrument Development 81.7 71.4
Shuttle/Spacelab Payload Mission
Management & Integration 69.7 86.1
Space Station Integrated Planning
& Attached Payloads 8.0 23.0
Explorer Development 82.1 93.2
Mission Operation & Data Analysis 143.2 204.8
Research & Analysis 85.8 112.5
Suborbital Program 45.4 53.5
Life Sciences 78.1 124.2
Human Space Flight & Systems Engineering 27.6 42.8
Space Biological Sciences 10.1 27.6
Research & Analysis 40.4 53.8
Planetary Exploration 416.6 396.9
Galileo Development 73.4 17.4
Ulysses Development 10.3 14.5
Magellan Development 43.1
Mars Observer 102.2 100.5
Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby/Cassini 30.0
Mission Operations & Data Analysis 110.7 155.4
Research & Analysis 76.9 79.1
FY 1989 FY 1990
Space Applications 601.4 579.7
Earth Sciences 413.7 434.3
Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite 94.2 73.9
Ocean Topography Experiment 83.0 72.8
Scatterometer 10.6 13.8
Earth Science Payload Instrument Development 46.4 66.5
Airborne Science & Applications 23.0 19.7
Geodynamics 32.9 38.0
Missions Operations & Data Analysis 17.6 24.8
Research & Analysis 106.0 124.8
Materials Processing 75.6 92.7
Space Communications 92.2 18.6
Information Systems 19.9 34.1
Commercial Programs 44.7 61.0
Technology Utilization 16.5 22.7
Commercial Use of Space 28.2 38.3
Aeronautical Research & Technology 404.2 462.8
Research & Technology Base 315.6 335.7
Systems Technology Programs 88.6 127.1
(Materials & Structures Systems Technology) (19.2) (30.3)
(Rotorcraft Systems Technology) ( 4.8) ( 4.9)
(High-Performance Aircraft
Systems Technology) (11.0) (34.9)
(Advanced Propulsion Systems Technology) (13.9) (14.5)
(Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation) (39.7) (42.5)
Space Research & Technology 295.9 338.1
Research & Technology Base 134.1 130.1
Civil Space Technology Initiative 121.8 144.5
(Propulsion) (36.1) (37.4)
(Vehicle) (13.3) (36.0)
(Information Technology) (15.9) (15.6)
(Large Structures & Control) (19.5) (18.9)
(Power) (11.1) (10.7)
(Automation & Robotics) (25.9) (25.9)
Pathfinder Program 40.0 47.3
(Surface Exploration) ( 8.5) ( 9.3)
(In-Space Operations) (15.0) (15.6)
(Humans in Space) ( 6.0) ( 6.3)
(Space Transfer) ( 5.5) ( 6.1)
(Mission Studies) ( 5.0) (10.0)
In-Space Flight Experiments 16.2
FY 1989 FY 1990
Transatmospheric Research & Technology 69.4 127.0
Safety, Reliability & Quality Assurance 22.4 23.3
University Space Science & Technology
Academic Program (22.3) 35.0
Tracking & Data Advanced Systems 18.8 19.9
SPACE FLIGHT, CONTROL & DATA COMMUNICATIONS 4464.2 5139.6
=========================================== ====== ======
Shuttle Production & Capability Development 1128.2 1305.3
Orbiter Operational Capability 281.8 237.0
Propulsion Systems 582.2 727.3
Launch & Mission Support 264.2 341.0
Space Shuttle Operations 2305.2 2562.7
Flight Operations 685.7 772.6
Flight Hardware 1112.7 1236.5
Launch & Landing Operations 506.8 553.6
Expendable Launch Vehicles 85.5 169.5
Space & Ground Networks, Communications
& Data Systems 945.3 1102.1
Space Network 483.9 582.3
Ground Network 228.1 269.6
Communications & Data Systems 233.3 250.2
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES
BUDGET SUMMARY - PROJECTS BY INSTALLATION
(Millions of Dollars)
FY 1990
JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 36.9
Construction of Addition for Space Systems Automated
Integration & Assembly Facility 10.5
Construction of Addition to Mission Control Center 17.8
Construction of Addition to Simulator/Training Facility 3.8
Modifications for Expanded Solar Simulation 2.0
Rehabilitation of Central Heating/Cooling Plant 2.8
MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 4.0
Modifications of Process Technology Facility for Space Station 4.0
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER 52.6
Replace Cooling Towers, Launch Complex 39 Utility Annex 4.6
Replace Launch Complex 39, Pad A Chillers & Controls 1.2
Replace Roofs, Launch Complex 39 11.0
Replace Vehicle Assembly Building Air Handling Units 1.8
Upgrade Orbiter Modification & Refurbishment Facility to
Orbiter Processing Facility #3 26.0
Reburbish Bridges, Merritt Island 4.5
Rehabilitation of Spacecraft Assembly & Encapsulation Facility II 3.5
STENNIS SPACE CENTER 5.0
Modification of High Pressure Industrial Water System 2.0
Replacement of High Pressure Gas Storage Vessels 3.0
GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 19.5
Construction of Data Operations Facility 12.0
Construction of Quality Assurance & Detector Development Lab 7.5
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY 5.4
Modernization of South Utility Systems 5.4
AMES RESEARCH CENTER 43.8
Construction of 40x80 Drive Motor Roof 1.0
Modifications to Thermo-Physics Facilities 4.6
Repair & Modernization of the 12-Foot Pressure Wind Tunnel 27.6
Construction of Automation Sciences Research Facility 10.6
LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER 17.4
Modifications to 14x22 Subsonic Wind Tunnel 1.0
Modificaitons to National Transonic Facility for Productivity 7.6
Modifications to 20-Foot Vertical Spin Tunnel 1.9
Construction of Supersonic/Hypersonic Low Disturbance Tunnel 6.9
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES
BUDGET SUMMARY - PROJECTS BY INSTALLATION
(Millions of Dollars)
FY 1990
LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER 20.5
Rehabilitation of Central Air System 2.4
Rehabilitation of Central Refrigeration Equipment 7.2
Rehabilitation of 8x6 Supersonic & 9x15 Low-Speed Wind Tunnels 6.8
Rehabilitation of Hypersonic Tunnel (Plum Brook) 4.1
VARIOUS LOCATIONS 6.4
Modifications for Seismic Safety, Goldstone, CA 2.6
Construction of National Resource Protection 3.8
REPAIR OF FACILITIES AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS, NOT IN EXCESS OF
$750,000 PER PROJECT 28.0
REHABILITATION & MODIFICATION OF FACILITIES AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS
NOT IN EXCESS OF $750,000 PER PROJECT 36.0
MINOR CONSTRUCTION OF NEW FACILITIES & ADDITIONS TO EXISTING
FACILITIES AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS, NOT IN EXCESS OF
$500,000 PER PROJECT 10.0
FACILITY PLANNING AND DESIGN 26.3
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE & RESTORATION PROGRAM 30.0
TOTAL, CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES 341.8
=====
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
FY 1990 BUDGET
DISTRIBUTION OF PERMANENT CIVIL SERVICE WORKYEARS
FY 1989 FY 1990
JOHNSON SPACE CENTER 3,463 3,605
MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 3,481 3,607
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER 2,331 2,357
STENNIS SPACE CENTER 166 174
GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER 3,618 3,651
AMES RESEARCH CENTER 2,097 2,153
LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER 2,835 2,888
LEWIS RESEARCH CENTER 2,664 2,743
HEADQUARTERS/SPACE STATION, RESTON, VA 1,621 1,779
INSPECTOR GENERAL 136 136
SUBTOTAL, FULL-TIME PERMANENT WORKYEARS 22,412 23,093
OTHER THAN FULL-TIME PERMANENT WORKYEARS 738 753
TOTAL 23,150 23,846
====== ======
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NASA EXPENDITURES BY STATE
(Estimated Geographic Distribution of FY 1989 NASA Budget)
ALABAMA........$ 775,900,000 MONTANA.......$ 200,000
ALASKA......... 4,200,000 NEBRASKA...... 1,300,000
ARIZONA........ 30,400,000 NEVADA........ 1,800,000
ARKANSAS....... 700,000 NEW HAMPSHIRE 13,400,000
CALIFORNIA..... 3,669,600,000 NEW JERSEY.... 146,200,000
COLORADO....... 195,100,000 NEW MEXICO.... 31,500,000
CONNECTICUT.... 172,400,000 NEW YORK...... 115,200,000
DELAWARE....... 6.400,000 NORTH CAROLINA 12,800,000
D.C............ 601,800,000 NORTH DAKOTA 100,000
FLORIDA........ 1,174,100,000 OHIO.......... 396,900,000
GEORGIA........ 58,100,000 OKLAHOMA...... 2,900,000
HAWAII......... 7,300,000 OREGON........ 7,400,000
IDAHO.......... 800,000 PENNSYLVANIA.. 134,800,000
ILLINOIS....... 24,300,000 RHODE ISLAND 3,800,000
INDIANA........ 11,300,000 SOUTH CAROLINA 800,000
IOWA........... 10,100,000 SOUTH DAKOTA 800,000
KANSAS......... 8,100,000 TENNESSEE..... 28,600,000
KENTUCKY....... 2,000,000 TEXAS......... 1,069,100,000
LOUISIANA...... 493,900,000 UTAH.......... 302,200,000
MAINE.......... 500,000 VIRGINIA...... 500,700,000
MARYLAND....... 1,011,900,000 VERMONT....... 1,500,000
MASSACHUSETTS 114,000,000 WASHINGTON.... 126,700,000
MICHIGAN....... 23,400,000 WEST VIRGINIA 1,300,000
MINNESOTA...... 19,700,000 WISCONSIN..... 34,600,000
MISSISSIPPI.... 66,700,000 WYOMING....... 700,000
MISSOURI....... 15,500,000
(Note: figures are approximate and included procurement
projections based on NASA's FY 89 budget submission.)
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N A S A A R T P R O G R A M
For more than 25 years NASA has conducted an active art program,
through which it documents major activities of America's aerospace
program. The idea of using art to help document NASA's effort
originated with James E. Webb, NASA Administrator from 1961 to 1968.
Mr. Webb believed that "important events can be interpreted by artists
to give a unique insight into significant aspects of our
history-making advance into space."
Mr. Webb's words have since been borne out. Artists' visions and
interpretations of aeronautics and space have appeared in large and
small museums and galleries around the world. Artworks have been
reproduced in books, magazines, newspapers, motion pictures, and have
been shown on television.
The artists who have so generously participated in the program have
provided NASA with a historic record of achievements and have given
the public a new and fuller understanding of U.S. aerospace
advancements.
Artists have ranged from traditionalists, such as Paul Calle, Peter
Hurd, Robert McCall and James Wyeth, to modernists such as Robert
Rauschenberg and Lamar Dodd. NASA has tried to provide artists with
every possible view and experience of subjects and events. It has
brought artists to the Kennedy Space Center as astronauts suited up
for flights into space, and to the Johnson Space Center's Mission
Control as astronauts landed on and surveyed the Moon's surface. NASA
has allowed artists to pilot Lunar Module simulators and to be aboard
recovery ships when astronauts returned to Earth.
THE ARTIST AND THE SPACE SHUTTLE
Artistic documentation has become a NASA tradition. On April 12, 1981,
a team of artists from all over the United States, commissioned by
NASA, gathered at the Kennedy Space Center to record the first flight
of the Space Shuttle COLUMBIA. A second team of artists viewed and
recorded COLUMBIA's first landing in the Mojave Desert 2 days, 6
hours, and 21 minutes later.
The enthusiasm artists have for the Space Shuttle is reflected in
their drawings and paintings. Wilson Hurley, on his way home from the
first Shuttle launch, summed up his feelings in a letter to NASA:
"The launch is the most exciting event I have witnessed in
my life, and it will probably take me years to assimilate
my feelings to where I can produce paintings that come
close to the thrill it gave me."
Wilson Hurley's work and the many other drawings and paintings in this
portion of the NASA collection provide a unique interpretive record of
a new era in space transportation.
The artwork produced for the Space Shuttle collection represents a
wide range of techniques and styles, from very realistic to abstract
images and impressions. However, to the viewer, each painting is an
intimate human record for future generations to view the exciting
moments of the Space Shuttle story.
A UNIQUE ARCHIVE OF TALENT
Artists have also been commissioned to depict test flights of
experimental aircraft, space science satellites, deep space probes,
and tracking and data transmission systems. They have also given the
world its first conceptual glimpses of future space efforts, such as
the National Aero-Space Plane and the Space Station Freedom.
Besides documenting the space effort, these works of art stand on
their own merits. NASA commissions both the skill and imagination of
an artist. The products they create become part of a unique archive
that permanently records both the artist's talent and his or her
perception of space achievements.
When NASA invites an artist to join its program, the invitation
includes a request for each guest artist to donate one piece to the
archive. This has allowed the collection to grow in size. Today, both
its historical breadth and artistic perspective is impressive.
Dr. H. Lester Cooke, former curator of painting at the National
Gallery of Art, who guided the NASA Art Program during the Apollo
Saturn lunar missions, has said of the NASA collection:
"In the long run the truth seen by an artist is more
meaningful than any other type of record...future
generations will realize that we have not only the
scientists and engineers capable of shaping the
destiny of our age but artists worthy to keep them
company."
Ray Bradbury has perhaps best summed up the importance of the NASA Art
Program:
"As a shining illustration of the metaphor of NASA,
capturing symbolically the essence of human
inspiration, which lies as much at the heart of a
billion-dollar spacecraft as it does at the heart
of the world's most sublime artistic expressions."
For more information about the
NASA Art Program, write:
Robert Schulman, Director
NASA Art Program, Code LP
NASA Headquarters
Washington DC 20546
---
NASA, VISIONS OF FLIGHT, NASA Art Program
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NO CARRIER
Very nice! Thank you for this wonderful archive. I wonder why I found it only now. Long live the BBS file archives!
This is so awesome! 😀 I’d be cool if you could download an entire archive of this at once, though.
But one thing that puzzles me is the “mtswslnkmcjklsdlsbdmMICROSOFT” string. There is an article about it here. It is definitely worth a read: http://www.os2museum.com/wp/mtswslnk/