Category : Science and Education
Archive   : CAL2.ZIP
Filename : CII_2.HLP

 
Output of file : CII_2.HLP contained in archive : CAL2.ZIP


DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS


A function f(x) is continuous at x = a, if and only if

lim f(x) = f(a).
xÄ>a

Limits of continuous functions can be evaluated by substitution. If a O/O
or ì/ì form results then algebraic simplification must precede
substitution.

Given that lim f(x) and lim g(x) exist, the following are true:
x->a x->a

1. lim (f(x) ñ g(x)) = lim f(x) ñ lim g(x)
x->a x->a x->a

2. lim (f(x) ù g(x)) = lim f(x) ù lim g(x)
x->a x->a x->a

3. lim (f(x)/g(x)) = lim f(x)/lim g(x) provided lim g(x) Ø O
x->a x->a x->a x->a

4. lim f(x) = L <=> lim f(x) = L and lim f(x) = L .
x->a x->a+ x->a-



The derivative of f(x) with respect to x evaluated at x is
ø

df(x ) f(x + h) - f(x ) f(x) - f(x )
ø ø ø ø
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ = lim ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ = lim ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
dx h->O h x->x x - x
ø ø

if the limit exists.

Geometrically, the derivative gives the slope of the curve at the point
where it is evaluated.


Rules for differentiation you will need are:


d Ú ¿ df(x) dg(x)
1. ÄÄ ³f(x) ñ g(x)³ = ÄÄÄÄÄ ñ ÄÄÄÄÄ
dx À Ù dx dx

d Ú ¿ dg(x) df(x)
2. ÄÄ ³f(x) ù g(x)³ = f(x) ÄÄÄÄÄ + g(x) ÄÄÄÄÄ
dx À Ù dx dx


df(x) dg(x)
Ú ¿ g(x) ÄÄÄÄÄ - f(x) ÄÄÄÄÄ
d ³f(x)³ dx dx
3. ÄÄ ³ÄÄÄij = ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ
dx ³g(x)³ Ú ¿2
À Ù ³g(x)³
À Ù

n
dx n-1 d sin x
4. ÄÄÄ = nx 5. ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ = cos x
dx dx

d cos x d tan x 2
6. ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ = -sin x 7. ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ = sec x
dx dx

d cot x 2 d sec x
8. ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ = -csc x 9. ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ = (sec x)(tan x)
dx dx

d csc x
1O. ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ = -(csc x)(cot x)
dx



The chain rule gives the derivative of f(u(x)) with respect to x as:

d f(u(x)) d f(u) du
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ = ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ ù ÄÄ .
dx du dx


This procedure can be used on formula 4-1O above to produce additional
formula.

The expression y = f(x). is called explicit. Expressions which are
not explicit are called implicit, e.g. xy = 3. To differentiate implicit
expressions, differentiate both sides of the expression with respect to the
independent variable. Use the chain rule where needed.


  3 Responses to “Category : Science and Education
Archive   : CAL2.ZIP
Filename : CII_2.HLP

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