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Contents of the TTCD.DOC file










TTCD
----

(The Turbo C Debugger)
--- ----- - --------


USERS GUIDE


Version 1.2



















(C) COPYRIGHT 1987
by
SAYSoft, Inc.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED


Created
by

Steve York


























COPYRIGHT NOTICE

The Turbo C Debugger (TTCD) program and documentation is the
copyrighted property of SAYSoft, Inc. You are granted a limited
license to use the limited version of TTCD, and to copy it and
distribute it, provided that the following conditions are met:

1) No fee may be charged for such copying or distribution.

2) TTCD may ONLY be distributed in its original, unmodified form.

3) TTCD may not be distributed, in whole or in part, as part of
any commercial product or service without the express written
permission of SAYSoft, Inc.


USER LICENSE

The limited version of TTCD along with this documentation may be
freely copied to any person or organization in unmodified form. It
may not be distributed in modified form, and may not be sold for
profit.

THE FULL VERSION OF TTCD (AND ITS DOCUMENTATION) MAY NOT BE

DISTRIBUTED OR DUPLICATED IN ANY FORM EXCEPT FOR PERSONAL ARCHIVAL
PURPOSES.


DISCLAIMER

SAYSoft, Inc. will not be liable for any damages or claims related
in any way to the use of this product. SAYSoft, Inc. makes no
warranties and specifically disclaims any implied warranties of
this product.
















"Turbo C" and "Turbo Pascal" are trademarks and products of Borland
International, Inc.













The Limited Version
of TTCD


Since only a very small percentage of "Shareware" program users
actually send the requested money to the program author I decided
to try the "limited version" approach. Consequently, there are two
versions of TTCD. A limited version, and a full version.

*******************************************************************
IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT IMPORTANT
*******************************************************************

The limited version of TTCD is identical to the full version,
except for the following limitations:

o Only "small" model programs can be debugged.

o It does not support programs that use CGA or EGA graphics.

o Only 300 global symbols are allowed.

*******************************************************************


Contributions for the use of TTCD will be appreciated, and should
be sent to:

SAYSoft, Inc.
14938 Kimberley
Houston, TX 77079

If you would like to purchase the full version, please send $25.00
to the above address. Include sales tax if you are a Texas
resident.

With the full version, you will receive a printed and bound manual,
a program serial number, and a telephone number for support.

Registered full version TTCD users will be able to download
upgrades, at no charge (except the cost of the phone call), as they
become available.




















Table of Contents


1.0 About TTCD...............................................1
1.1 Background...........................................1
1.2 What is TTCD?........................................1
1.3 Files included with TTCD.............................2
1.4 Limitations of this version of TTCD..................2
1.5 TTCD and Different Turbo C Versions..................3
1.6 Future Directions of TTCD............................3

2.0 What is Required.........................................4
2.1 Hardware and software required.......................4
2.2 Compile and Link options and settings required.......4
2.2.1 Compile Options................................4
2.2.2 Link Options...................................5
2.3 Source code requirements.............................5
2.4 Related files........................................5

3.0 Executing TTCD...........................................7
3.1 The TTCD Command Line................................7
3.2 The TTCD Startup Screen..............................8
3.2 Getting Started......................................9

4.0 The TTCD Commands and Displays..........................10
4.1 The Status line.....................................10
4.2 The Main Menu.......................................10
4.2.1 reakpoints.................................11
4.2.1.1 onditional...........................11
4.2.1.2 isplay...............................12
4.2.1.3 ine number...........................13
4.2.1.4

rocedure.............................13
4.2.1.5 eset.................................13
4.2.2 alc........................................13
4.2.3 isplay.....................................14
4.2.3.1 lobal symbol.........................14
4.2.3.2 emory................................14
4.2.3.3

ublics...............................15
4.2.3.4 egisters.............................15
4.2.3.5 tack.................................15
4.2.3.6 Display 'Types'.........................16
4.2.3.7 Valid TTCD Addresses....................17
4.2.3.8 isplay Command Examples..............18
4.2.4 nter.......................................20
4.2.4.1 egister..............................20
4.2.4.2 emory................................20
4.2.5 o..........................................21
4.2.5.1 orever...............................22
4.2.5.2 ine numbers..........................22
4.2.5.3

rocedure.............................22
4.2.6 ist........................................22
4.2.7 eep........................................23
4.2.7.1 elete................................23
4.2.7.2 lobal Symbol.........................23
4.2.7.3 emory................................23
4.2.7.4 egisters.............................23
4.2.8 acros......................................24



iii





Table of Contents


4.2.8.1 isplay...............................24
4.2.8.2 oad..................................24
4.2.8.3 ecord................................24
4.2.8.4 ave..................................25
4.2.9 ptions.....................................25
4.2.9.1 lip screen on trace..................25
4.2.9.2 now suppression......................26
4.2.10 uit.......................................26
4.2.11

rint......................................26
4.2.12 creen.....................................26
4.2.13 race......................................27
4.2.13.1 nimate...............................27
4.2.13.2 ingle step...........................27
4.2.13.3

roc step.............................28
4.2.13.4 Using race..........................28
4.2.14 nassemble.................................29
4.3 The Repeat Count....................................30
4.4 Program Termination.................................31

5.0 Notes about Debugging with TTCD.........................32
5.1 Source Code Formatting..............................32
5.2 Mnemonic Differences................................32
5.3 Special Interrupts..................................33
5.4 Floating Point Emulation Deviations.................33
5.5 Floating Point Problems.............................33
5.6 Optimization Options................................34
5.7 The "#line" Directive...............................34
5.8 Memory Considerations...............................34
5.9 Interrupt Vector Trapping...........................35
5.10 Trapping Math Errors...............................35

6.0 Input responses to TTCD prompts.........................36
6.1 Input field editing.................................36
6.2 Case sensitivity....................................36
6.3 Input Radix Defaults................................37
6.4 Address Specification Defaults......................37

7.0 TTCD.MAC Format and Use.................................38

8.0 Known TTCD Bugs and Anomalies...........................39

















iv








1.0 About TTCD


1.1 Background

The Turbo C (tm) compiler is (for the most part) a very complete C
compiler. It fully supports K & R definitions, has library
routines supporting nearly all applicable UNIX "standard C library"
calls, and supports most of the (proposed) ANSI C standard.
Moreover, like the ubiquitous Turbo Pascal (tm) it has several
useful (and high-powered) machine-/DOS-dependant language
extensions and library routines.

As an advanced C programmer, the first thing I did with Turbo C was
to try to re-compile some of my previously written C programs with
it. The C compiler that I have used for several years was not as
close to the "UNIX type" compiler, and did not attempt to emulate
the UNIX environment. I quickly discovered that one thing I really
needed did not come with Turbo C. A tool that no C programmer
should be without - a good debugger. I presume that the people at
Borland expect Turbo C users to use the DOS "DEBUG" program, or
some equivalent product.


1.2 What is TTCD?

TTCD is a symbolic source-level debugger for programs written in
Turbo C.

TTCD allows debugging Turbo C programs via:

o Normal execution to any specified line, procedure, or user-
specified breakpoint(s).

o Single-stepping through execution.

o Program "animation".


TTCD supports:

o All Turbo C models except "Tiny".

o Real-time examination/modification of variables, memory, and
machine registers.

o Variable-speed animation.

o "Conditional" and "looping" breakpoints.

o "Sticky" and "Non-sticky" breakpoints.

o 8087 code, or floating point emulation.




About TTCD Page 1








o Retaining variables, memory locations, or the machine
registers on the screen.

o Symbolic dis-assembly of program code.

o Key-macros.

o Programs that generate CGA and EGA graphics.

o Multiple source-module programs.

o 80186/80286 instructions.


1.3 Files included with TTCD

The files included with this release of TTCD and their descriptions
are:

o TTCD.EXE - This is the TTCD program.

o TTCD.DOC - Users guide for TTCD.

o TTCD.TC - Sample Turbo C configuration file for use when
compiling a program to be debugged with TTCD.

o TTCD.MAC - This is a sample TTCD macro file. It contains
useful definitions for function keys thru . Use
the acro isplay command, or MAC2TEXT to display the
recorded key strokes.

o MAC2TEXT.C - This is the source code to a program that will
convert the TTCD.MAC macro file to readable text. When
compiled, this program will allow you to view TTCD macros
that you have recorded and saved.


1.4 Limitations of this version of TTCD

This version of TTCD has some limitations. They are:

o "Tiny" model programs are not supported.

o Programs that use VGA Graphics are not supported.

o Maximum number of global symbols is 5000.

o Maximum number of modules is 30.


o Maximum number of lines per module is 65000.







About TTCD Page 2








1.5 TTCD and Different Turbo C Versions

I have Turbo C version 1.0 dated 6/3/87. All applicable Borland
patches (TCP1.DIF thru TCP9.DIF) have been applied to it. TTCD was
created with this version of Turbo C, and all my testing was done
using programs compiled with this version of Turbo C. Patched or
later versions may not have some of the problems discussed in
section 5 of this users guide.

I fully expect TTCD to be compatible with future versions of Turbo
C unless radical changes are made in the product. If a new version
of Turbo C is "TTCD incompatible", REGISTERED FULL VERSION TTCD
USERS WILL BE ABLE TO DOWNLOAD TTCD UPGRADES AT NO CHARGE (except
the cost of the phone call).

For information about new versions of TTCD, or download
availability call Pat at (713) 487-8379.


1.6 Future Directions of TTCD

In future releases of TTCD, I plan to support the following:

o Auto-configuration of global variable "types" for the
isplay and nter commands.

o OS/2 (when Borland produces a Turbo C for it).

o Programs that generate VGA graphics.

o Expanded memory use for graphics screen swapping and caching
of source code.

























About TTCD Page 3








2.0 What is Required

An understanding of how C utilizes memory is necessary for serious
C program writing, and useful for debugging any C program. Also a
knowledge of 8086 Assembler is recommended.



2.1 Hardware and software required

A fixed disk is recommended, but not required. If a fixed disk is
not available, the use of a RAM disk or disk cache will minimize
the wait for source code to be displayed.

The following hardware and software is required to make use of
TTCD:

o Version 1.0 (or greater) of Turbo C.

o Approximately 128K bytes + the memory required by the target
program. In addition, about 12K more memory is required if
the "-C" command line option is used, and about 108K more if
the "-E" command line option is used. See section 3.1 for
explanations of these options.


2.2 Compile and Link options and settings required


2.2.1 Compile Options

To debug a Turbo C program with TTCD, the program must be compiled
with the following options set:

o "Model": Any model except "Tiny".
(NOTE: THE LIMITED VERSION OF TTCD WILL ONLY HANDLE "SMALL"
MODEL PROGRAMS.)

o "Calling convention": "C".

o "Underbars": On.

o The "Line numbers" option must be on for any modules that
you intend to "step through" or set breakpoints in. The
module that contains 'main()' must be compiled with line
numbers on.












What is Required Page 4








The following option settings are recommended, but not required:

o "Standard Stack Frame": On.

o "Use Register variables": Off.

o "Register Optimization": Off.

o "Jump Optimization": Off.

All other compile options may be set as desired.


2.2.2 Link Options

To debug a Turbo C program with TTCD, the program must be linked
with the following options set:

o A "Map" file must be produced with either the "Publics" or
"Detailed" options on. Preferably the "Publics" option, as
this is smaller, and faster to read.

o The "Class names" must not be changed for code, data, or
BSS.

All other link options may be set as desired.


2.3 Source code requirements

Any source modules that you intend to step through, or set
breakpoints in must be compiled with the "Line numbers" option on.
The default maximum number of modules compiled with line numbers is
10. This may be changed via command line options. See section
3.1.

The source code for any module compiled with line numbers must be
in the current directory when executing TTCD. If it is not found,
an error message to that effect will be displayed. In this case,
you may continue debugging without source code until control is in
a module whose source code can be displayed. The o command may
be useful to get out of this situation and continue debugging as
normal.


2.4 Related files

In order to debug a Turbo C program, TTCD needs quite a bit of
information about it. This information is obtained from the .MAP
file produced by the linker. For instance, to debug a program
named "HELLO.EXE", TTCD will also need "HELLO.MAP" (produced by the
linker) and "HELLO.C", the program source code. If the program
consists of multiple source code modules, these files should also
be available to TTCD if compiled with line numbers.



What is Required Page 5









TTCD will read the .MAP and .EXE files and create a file with the
extension ".DBG". The .DBG file is a relocatable program similar
to an .EXE file, but it will not execute properly outside of TTCD.
The .DBG file will be erased automatically, upon termination of
TTCD.

NOTE: TTCD does not change the .EXE file. If the program works
properly, it does not have to be re-compiled.

Warning: If any of the source code modules are changed, and not
re-compiled, the .EXE file (and consequently the .MAP and .DBG
files) may not reflect the correct line number or procedure
addresses. This could create quite a bit of confusion during the
debugging process.










































What is Required Page 6








3.0 Executing TTCD


3.1 The TTCD Command Line

The TTCD command line is as follows:

TTCD [options] PROGRAM

Where PROGRAM is the name of the .EXE file to debug (the "target"
program). The extension need not be specified as it must be an
.EXE file. The target program and its map file must be in the
current directory, on the current drive.

The TTCD options are as follows:

-C (CGA Graphics option on)

This option specifies that buffer space should be allocated for
storage of a 16K "program screen". Note that the program is not
automatically put in any graphics mode if this is specified.
Screen modes are still controlled by the target program. This
option causes TTCD to use about 12K more memory, and causes
slightly slower screen-swapping. THIS OPTION IS NOT AVAILABLE IN
THE LIMITED VERSION OF TTCD.

-E (EGA Graphics option on)

This option specifies that buffer space should be allocated for
storage of a 112K "program screen". This option causes TTCD to use
about 108K more memory. Screen swapping is much slower when the
target program is in any of the EGA graphics modes than when in the
text or CGA modes. THIS OPTION IS NOT AVAILABLE IN THE LIMITED
VERSION OF TTCD.

-S### (Number of global symbols)

This option specifies the size of the global symbol table. The
default is 500 symbols (the limited version default is 300). This
option is for use with programs that have more than 500 symbols.
It may also be used to decrease the symbol table size if the
debugger runs out of memory. THE LIMITED VERSION OF TTCD SUPPORTS
A MAXIMUM OF 300 SYMBOLS. No white space is allowed between the
'S' and the digits.

-M## (Number of modules with line numbers)

This option specifies the size of the 'module table'. The default
is 10 modules. This option is for use with programs that are
broken into many small modules. Only the number of modules
compiled with line numbers use module table space. Modules that
are compiled without line numbers do not need to be included in the
module count. No white space is allowed between the 'M' and the
digits.



Executing TTCD Page 7










3.2 The TTCD Startup Screen

When execution of TTCD starts, it will display status lines showing
that it is reading the map file, and generating the ".DBG" file.

When the program variables and tables are set up, some status
information will be displayed. This should look similar to the
following:

TTCD Version 1.0
Created by Steve York.
Copyright (c) 1987 by SAYSoft, Inc.

Full version.

Reading MCALC.MAP . . .
Creating MCALC.DBG . . .

Map contains:
279/500 global symbols
6/10 module definition(s) with line numbers
1534 lines total

24170 bytes free.

Press to abort, any other key to start.


This tells us:

o There are 279 global symbols in MCALC. This includes
procedure names, global variables, procedure names linked in
from libraries, and the overhead generated by Turbo C. The
symbol table size is set to 500 symbols (default table
size).

o There are 6 program modules compiled with the 'line numbers'
option on. The module table is set to 10 modules.

o There are 1534 executable lines. This is only a sum of the
lines in the modules compiled with line numbers.

o There are about 24K bytes of data space left for MCALC to
"grow", and still fit in TTCD with line numbers for all six
modules. (Enough space for about 2000 more lines in modules
compiled with line numbers.)

TTCD is "small" model program itself. Consequently its own data
space is limited to 64K. This is enough space for fairly large
target programs. Programs of nearly any size can be debugged with
TTCD if only selected modules are compiled with numbers.




Executing TTCD Page 8









3.2 Getting Started

TTCD has several commands and menus, however, it is relatively
straightforward to learn and use. To become acquainted with TTCD,
it is a good idea to "step through" a working program before
actually using it to debug a program with problems.

For a simple example, "MAC2TEXT" can be used to "test drive" TTCD.
MAC2TEXT.C is one of the files distributed with TTCD. Its purpose
is to convert TTCD macros to readable text.

For a more complete example, the "MCALC" program that comes with
Turbo C can be used to "test drive" TTCD.

In either case, compile all source code modules with the "line
numbers" option on. Set all other compile and link options as
described in section 2.2.

When either MAC2TEXT.EXE or MCALC.EXE has been generated, enter (at
the DOS prompt) the corresponding command:

TTCD MAC2TEXT

or

TTCD MCALC

If the target program has been compiled correctly, and the
necessary files are in the current directory, the TTCD startup
screen will be displayed. This will resemble the example shown in
section 3.2. Press any key (excpet ) to go to the TTCD main
menu.

At this point, try each of the commands described in section 4.2 to
become familiar with them, and how they are used.





















Executing TTCD Page 9








4.0 The TTCD Commands and Displays

Menus and prompts in TTCD are always on the top line of the screen.
Menu options are selected by pressing the first letter of the
command. The key will always exit a menu with no action, and
return to the Main menu.

The second line of the screen is a status line. The rest of the
screen is used to show source lines, variable, memory and register
values, and other information.


4.1 The Status line

The second line of the screen is the status line. It displays the
current module name, procedure/function name, and source line
number within that module. For instance, the top two lines of the
screen may look like:

- Menu 2 reakpoints alc isplay ...
========= Module: HELLO.C Proc: main() Line: 16 =====...

The status line tells us:

o We are in a source code module named "HELLO.C".

o We are in procedure "main".

o The next line to execute is source line number 16.

The left end of the status line also shows other information. If a
macro-recording is in progress, the leftmost column will have an
'R'. If the

rint command is active, the second column will have
a 'P'. If the repeat count value (see section 4.3) is greater than
zero, its value is displayed near the left end.


4.2 The Main Menu

The "Main menu" actually consists of three lines, only one of which
is displayed at a time. The key changes the displayed
line. The three lines are:

- Menu 2 reakpoints alc isplay nter
o

- Menu 3 eep ist acro ptions

rint
uit

- Menu 1 creen race nassemble

Options are selected by pressing the letter in the angle-brackets.
The space bar simply toggles the display of these two lines, any




The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 10








option may be selected at any time whether that option is currently
displayed at the top of the screen or not.

Each of the options on the main menu is discussed below.


4.2.1 reakpoints

A breakpoint is a place at which you wish to stop program execution
and return to the debugger menu. TTCD has ten user-definable
breakpoints. They are numbered 0 thru 9. These ten breakpoints
are divided into two types. They are:

o "Non-sticky" breakpoints - these are breakpoints that are
automatically cleared anytime the debugger becomes active
again. When the debugger menu returns, all non-sticky
breakpoints are cleared. Breakpoints 0 thru 4 are non-
sticky breakpoints. acros are useful for repeatedly
setting non-sticky breakpoints selectivly.

o "Sticky" breakpoints - these are breakpoints that are active
until actually cleared, or until the debugger is exited.
All sticky breakpoints will still be active when the o
option is selected again. Breakpoints 5 thru 9 are sticky
breakpoints. acros are useful for "turning on" or
"turning off" sets of sticky breakpoints selectivly.

Breakpoints are not active when tracing (see the race command,
section 4.2.13) through a program, only when the o command is
selected.

When the reakpoint command is selected, the user will be asked
for a breakpoint number. When a number key (<0> thru <9>) is
pressed, the following menu will be displayed:

onditional isplay ine number

rocedure eset

Each of these options is discussed below.

All user-defined breakpoints have a loop count assoicated with
them. The repeat count (see section 4.3) specifies the loop count
of any break point. If no repeat count is entered, the loop count
is initialized to 1, except for conditional breakpoints, which are
initialized to 9999. A breakpoint with a loop count of 1 will trap
program execution the first time it is encountered.


4.2.1.1 onditional

This option will allow you to set a condition for any breakpoint.
Breakpoint conditions consist of non-compound statements of the
form:





The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 11










or


or



Where:

is one of the registers listed in section 4.2.4.1.

is a global symbol name. Note the symbol must be a
scaler here. If you need to compare the value of a structure
or array member, its address must be specified.

is an address as specified in section 4.2.3.7.

is one of the following: = != < <= > >=

is a numeric constant.


If a symbol or an address is specified, you will be asked a value
"type". Conditional types are a subset of the type discussed in
section 4.2.3.6. The conditional types are as follows:

har ouble loat nt ong nsigned

These types are identical to their counterparts as discussed in
section 4.2.3.6.

When the condition and type are entered, you will be returned to
the menu in 4.2.1 to complete the breakpoint setting.


4.2.1.2 isplay

This option will display all breakpoint settings. The breakpoint
number specified is not used if this option is selected. The
breakpoint number (0 thru 9), its loop count, condition (if any),
and address is displayed for each active breakpoint. The following
is a sample breakpoint display:

Active Breakpoints:
# Count Condition Address
1 1 None 5565:0176 -> Line: 5
6 1000 AX != 0x2 5565:031A -> Proc: display()

This shows two breakpoints set. Breakpoint #1 (non-sticky) is set
to break the first time we reach line 5 of the current module.
Breakpoint #6 (sticky) will break when we get to the procedure
"display()", and register AX is not equal to 2, or the 1000th time
we get to "display()", which ever occurs first.



The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 12










4.2.1.3 ine number

This option will allow you to set a breakpoint to any valid line
number in the CURRENT module. When selected, you will be asked the
line number. When entered, the specified breakpoint will be set to
break before execution of that line.


4.2.1.4

rocedure

This option will allow you to set a breakpoint to any valid
procedure in any module compiled with line numbers. When selected,
you will be asked the procedure name. When entered, the specified
breakpoint will be set to break before execution of that procedure.


4.2.1.5 eset

This will clear the specified breakpoint. This would only be
necessary for breakpoints 0 thru 4 if you set one then decide to
remove it before execution. These breakpoints are cleared
automatically anytime the debugger menu returns.


4.2.2 alc

The alc command invokes a simple expression calculator. When
selected, you will be asked to enter an expression. The expression
may contain decimal and hexidecimal numbers (prefixed with "0x"),
+, -, *, /, and unary minus. When a valid expression is entered,
its value will be displayed. The resulting value is a signed long,
and is printed both in decimal and hex. For example, the following
may be entered at the expression prompt:

0x3a9 + 51 * 17

The normal mathematical hierarchy is adhered to (i.e. -
multiplication performed before addition).

After evaluating an expression, you may enter another expression to
be evaluated, or press to return to the menu.

The alc command is also useful for converting numbers from hex
to decimal and vice-versa.











The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 13








4.2.3 isplay

The display command allows viewing of variables, memory, the
current "frame storage area" (the stack, and local variables), or
the machine registers. It may also be used to display the list of
public identifiers. When this option is chosen, the following menu
will be displayed:

lobal symbol emory

ublics egisters tack

Each of these options is discussed below.


4.2.3.1 lobal symbol

This option allows you to display the value of a public identifier
(function or global variable) by name. When selected, you will be
asked for the identifier name. If the identifier is a function
name, its address will be displayed. If it is any other global
symbol type, you will be asked for a 'type', as described in
section 4.2.3.6. When entered, the variable value will be
displayed.


4.2.3.2 emory

This option allows you to display any memory address as if it were
the location of a C variable, of any type. When selected, you will
be asked for an address (see section 4.2.3.7 for valid TTCD address
specifications), and a 'type' as described in section 4.2.3.6.
When entered, the value at the specified address will be displayed.

NOTE: The value entered, is an address expression. Suppose we have
the following assembler instruction:

MOV AX,[BP+FFFE]

And you wish to see what value will be moved into AX before this is
executed. The isplay emory option may be used to see the
value. Enter the address as:

BP+FFFE

not:

[BP+FFFE]

The former would display the value at 'BP+FFFE'. The latter would
display the value of the address at 'BP+FFFE' - another level of
indirection. The latter is useful if the variable stored at
'BP+FFFE' is a pointer, and you wish to see the value of the object
being pointed to.





The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 14








4.2.3.3

ublics

This option will display all global symbols, along with their
addresses. When selected, all publics found in the .MAP file will
be displayed, one screen at a time. Procedure names will be
displayed with '()' following the name.


4.2.3.4 egisters

This option will display the machine register and flag values, with
a format similar to the following:

AX=0000 BX=049A CX=0000 DX=0014 SP=FFEC BP=FFF6 SI=003B DI=0454
DS=518C ES=518C SS=518C CS=5079 IP=0174
CF=0 SF=0 ZF=0 DF=0 OF=0 IF=1 PF=0 AF=0


4.2.3.5 tack

This option will display the memory in the current 'frame', and the
32 bytes above the current frame (where function parameters are).
The current frame memory is the memory between [BP] and [SP]. When
selected, the frame and parameter areas are displayed in a
hex/ASCII dump format. This display might resemble the following:

0xA bytes local space: (BP=FF82 SP=FF78)
[BP+FFF6] 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 24 40
........$@
Parameter space:
[BP+0000] DC FF 26 85 32 00 F8 1D 8C FF 32 2A 35 00 20 0E
..&.2.....2*5. .
[BP+0010] 20 0E 4B 05 7B 22 8C 05 7B 22 4D 00 1E 27 73 03
.K.{"..{"M..'s.

This display shows a hex dump of the 10 bytes of local storage that
the current procedure has allocated on the stack. It also allows a
simple way of displaying procedure parameters, and memory
referenced to the BP register. For example, given the following
assembler instructions:

MOV AX,[BP+4]
ADD AX,[BP+FFF6]
MOV [BP+FFF8],AX

Using the command, the action produced by these
instructions is much easier to trace. These instructions will move
a 0x32 into register AX, add 1 to it, and store the result at
BP+FFF8.

Note: Procedures that do not have any local storage may not set up
a frame, and use the BP register as a frame pointer. The
command may not show anything useful in this case. The "Standard




The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 15








Stack Frame" option can be used to force all procedures to set up a
frame with BP as the frame pointer.

The key will stop the display if it scrolls off the
screen.


4.2.3.6 Display 'Types'

When the option or the option is selected, a
display type must be specified. The display type menu consists of
two lines, only one of which is displayed at a time. They are as
follows:

- Menu 2 har ouble loat ex nt
ong

- Menu 1 ffset <2>-ptr <4>-ptr tring
nsigned

NOTE: The limited version of TTCD does not have the four-byte
pointer option:

<4>-ptr

These specify the size and type of the item to be displayed, as
follows:

o har - the byte at the specified address is displayed as a
character, if printable. Also the hex value is displayed in
parenthesis.

o ouble - the 8 bytes starting at the specified address are
displayed as a 'double' floating point number.

o loat - the four bytes starting at the specified address
are displayed as a floating point number.

o ex - memory starting at the specified address is dumped
in a hex/ASCII format.

o nt - the two bytes at the specified address are displayed
as an integer. Also the hex value is displayed in
parenthesis.

o ong - the four bytes starting at the specified address
are displayed as a signed long integer. Also the hex value
is displayed in parenthesis.









The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 16








o ffset - this option is used to specify the offset in a
structure or array of the object whose value is to be
displayed. When chosen, you will be asked to specify the
offset value. After specifying an offset, another display
type may be selected. The ffset is always specified in
bytes, not in units of data-item size. See section 4.2.3.8
for examples its use.

o <2>-ptr - this tells TTCD that the value at the specified
address is a 2-byte pointer to some data item. When
selected, the user is left at the 'type' menu to specifiy
what type the pointer points to. Another type may then be
specified. The value of the object pointed to is then
displayed. See section 4.2.3.8 for examples its use.

o <4>-ptr - this tells TTCD that the value at the specified
address is a 4-byte pointer to a data item. This command is
the four-byte equivalent to the <2>-ptr option, and operates
in a similar fashion.

o tring - memory starting at the specified address is
displayed as a string. Non-printable and special characters
are converted to their C equivalents. i.e. - a character 9
is displayed as '\t'. The string will be displayed with
vertical bars (|) at each end of it so that leading/trailing
white space may be seen. If the string is longer than 50
characters, it will be truncated, and displayed with an
ellipses (. . .) following it.

o nsigned - the two bytes at the specified address are
displayed as an unsigned integer. Also the hex value is
displayed in parenthesis.

The acro capabilities are very useful for displaying a variable
value after repeated race or o commands.


4.2.3.7 Valid TTCD Addresses

When TTCD prompts for a machine address, any of the following
formats may be used:

o offset

o segment:offset

o [offset]

o segment:[offset]


Where:
Offset is a constant, a register, or a register +/- a constant.
Segment is a constant, or a segment register.



The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 17









NOTE: The address-decoding routine is 'dumb'. In an attempt to be
as flexible and simple as possible, it performs basic syntax
checking only.


4.2.3.8 isplay Command Examples

The isplay command has the ability to display the value of any
scaler, or string variable by global symbol name. This command can
be very complicated due to pointer, array, and/or structure
combinations.

In order to use these capabilities, it is important to understand
each of the display 'types'. The examples shown below should help
clarify the isplay 'types'. Note that all of the 'types'
discussed in 4.2.3.6 apply to the isplay emory command as
well as the isplay lobal command.

Example 1:

Lets suppose I have the following global declaration in a small
model program:

char *ptr={"Steve"};

I may display the value of the POINTER by pressing:

ptr
(isplay lobal "ptr" nteger)

This will display (in decimal and hex) the location of where
"Steve" is stored.

The value of the OBJECT pointed to (the string "Steve") may be
displayed by pressing:

ptr <2>
(isplay lobal "ptr" <2>-ptr tring)

This tells TTCD to display the string pointed to by the 2-byte
pointer "ptr".















The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 18








Example 2:

Lets suppose I have the following declarations in a small model
program:

#include
#include

char *my_equ={"26.34/2"}; /* Pointer to a string. */

struct my_struct {
int type; /* 2 byte integer. */
double value; /* 8 byte double. */
char near *equation; /* 2 byte pointer. */
};

struct my_struct far *my_ptr; /* 4 byte pointer. */

main()
{
my_ptr=malloc(sizeof(struct my_struct));

my_ptr->type=1000;
my_ptr->value=13.17;
my_ptr->equation=malloc(strlen(my_equ)+1);
strcpy(my_ptr->equation,my_equ);

.
.
(Rest of program)
.
.
}


The value of any of the members of "my_ptr->my_struct" can be
displayed using the isplay lobal command.

The integer value "my_ptr->type" may be displayed by pressing:

my_ptr <4>
(isplay lobal "my_ptr" <4>-ptr nteger)

The double precision value "my_ptr->value" may be displayed by
pressing:

my_ptr <4> 2
(isplay lobal "my_ptr" <4>-ptr ffset "2" ouble)

The string "my_ptr->equation" may be displayed by pressing:

my_ptr <4> 10 <2>
(isplay lobal "my_ptr" <4>-ptr ffset "10" <2>-ptr
tring)



The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 19









The third character of the string "my_ptr->equation" may be
displayed by pressing:

my_ptr <4> 10 <2> 3
(isplay lobal "my_ptr" <4>-ptr ffset "10" <2>-ptr
ffset "3" har)

The TTCD key acros are very useful for repeatedly displaying
variable values.


4.2.4 nter

The nter command allows you to change register or memory values.
When selected, the following menu will be displayed:

egister emory

Each of these options is discussed below.


4.2.4.1 egister

This option will allow you to change the value of a machine
register. When selected, you will be asked the register name. The
valid register names are:

Byte: AL CL DL BL AH CH DH BH
Word: AX CX DX BX SP BP SI DI
Segment: ES CS SS DS

When a register name is entered, you will be prompted for a value.
The value must be specified by two or four hex digits. If a byte
register is selected, and a word value is entered, only the lower
byte will be set into the register.

Warning: It is NOT a good idea to change any of the following
registers unless you know exactly what you are doing:

CS SS SP BP


4.2.4.2 emory

If this option is selected you will be asked for an address (see
section 4.2.3.7 for address specifications). Next, you will be
asked for a 'type'. The type-specification menu is as follows:

har ouble loat ex nt ong nsigned







The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 20








Each of these types is similar to its corresponding isplay
'type', except that you will be asked for a value to put at the
specified memory address. The only differences are:

o har - when entering characters, multiple characters may
be entered at one time. These characters will be put in
memory starting at the specified address, continuing for as
long as the input string (up to 50 characters). The C
special characters may be used in the input. i.e. - '\t'
will specify character number 9. This input routine allows
input of any character via '\###'. Where '###' represents
up to 3 hex digits.

NOTE: Due to ambiguities, you should be very careful when
specifying a character via '\###'. For instance:

o "\felix" is 5 characters.
They are: '\f' 'e' 'l' 'i' 'x'.
The '\f' is taken as a formfeed character.

o "\0felix" is 4 characters.
They are: '\0fe' 'l' 'i' 'x'.
The '\0fe' is taken as one character (0xfe).

o "\00felix" is 5 characters.
They are: '\0f' 'e' 'l' 'i' 'x'.
The '\00f' is taken as one character (0xf).

o "\000felix" is 6 characters.
They are: '\0' 'f' 'e' 'l' 'i' 'x'.
The '\000' is a null character.

o ex - multiple bytes may be entered via this option. The
input string may be up to 50 characters long. These values
will be put in memory starting at the specified address.
Hex numbers may be separated by spaces, commas, or periods
when more than one is specified. Any of the following are
valid hex values:

0D0A0D0A
d a d a
0D,0A,0D,0A
0D.0A.0D.0A


4.2.5 o

The o command allows executing the program to a certain point.
When selected, the following menu will be displayed:

orever ine number

rocedure

Each of these options is discussed below.




The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 21









4.2.5.1 orever

This option specifies that the o command should execute until
the end of the program or until a previously set reakpoint is
reached. When the program ends execution or reaches a
reakpoint, the debugger menu will return.


4.2.5.2 ine numbers

This option, when selected, will prompt you for a line number to
stop at. When execution reaches this line, the debugger menu will
return. The command can only stop at a line in the current
module. Any line number entered here is assumed to be in the
module currently listed. If you need to stop at some point in the
program that is in another source module, you must use the


command.

Note that not all source line numbers are valid line numbers to
stop at. Any line of C that does not generate code cannot be used
as a reakpoint, o, or nassemble line. Examples are: blank
lines, declaration lines, etc. If you enter a line number, and
receive a 'Line not found' error message, use the next line number.


4.2.5.3

rocedure

This option, when selected, will prompt you for a procedure name to
stop at. When execution reaches the beginning of this procedure,
the debugger menu will return. The procedure can be in any module
compiled with the 'line numbers' option on.


4.2.6 ist

The ist command allows viewing of the source file. When
selected, you will be asked for a starting line number. When
entered, five lines of the source code in the current module will
be listed (unless a different repeat value is specified, see
section 4.3). The next five lines (or repeat value number of
lines) may be listed by pressing .

Source code lines are truncated (not wrapped around) if they are
too long to fit on one screen line.

If the end of the current module source file is reached, a line
stating '' will be displayed.

NOTE: Tab expansion is every 4th column, not every 8th.







The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 22








4.2.7 eep

The eep command allows you to retain register or variable values
or memory contents on the screen. These will be updated each time
the debugger screen returns. When selected, the following menu
will be displayed:

elete lobal symbol emory egisters

Each of these options will be discussed below.

NOTE: In this version, the eep lobal command uses static
addresses only. For instance, if you have a pointer to an integer,
and you specify to eep the integer pointed to, the current
address (pointer value) will be the address always displayed by
that keep command. If the pointer points to some other location in
memory later, the integer at the origional address will still be
"kept" on the screen. In later releases of TTCD, I plan to change
this.


4.2.7.1 elete

This option will allow you to remove a eep variable. When
selected, you will be asked the eep number to remove. The first
eep currently displayed is number one, the second is number two,
etc. When a number (1 thru 5) is entered, the corresponding eep
value will be removed.


4.2.7.2 lobal Symbol

This option will allow you to specify the eep variable by name.
When selected, you will be asked the symbol name. When entered,
you will be asked a display "type" (see section 4.2.3.6). When the
type is selected, the variable value will be added to the "keep"
area at the bottom of the screen.


4.2.7.3 emory

This option will allow you to specify a memory location to eep.
When selected, you will be asked the address. When entered, you
will be asked a display "type" (see section 4.2.3.6). When the
type is selected, the memory contents will be added to the "keep"
area at the bottom of the screen.


4.2.7.4 egisters

This option will allow you to eep the general purpose registers
on the screen. When selected, the registers contents will be added
to the "keep" area at the bottom of the screen.




The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 23









4.2.8 acros

When TTCD starts execution, it checks for the existence of a file
named "TTCD.MAC". This is the file that TTCD key macros (and other
information) are stored in. If this file is in the current
directory, it will be loaded automatically.

The acro command allows recording of any keystrokes entered into
TTCD. When selected, the following menu will be displayed:

isplay oad ecord ave

Each option is discussed below.


4.2.8.1 isplay

This option will display the recorded key strokes for the ten
function keys.


4.2.8.2 oad

This option causes all ten function key macros to be loaded from
"TTCD.MAC". "TTCD.MAC" is created via the command, and
must be in the current drive and directory.

This command may be used to re-load the "default" macros if any are
changed during debugging. This command is not normally necessary
since the macros stored in "TTCD.MAC" are automatically loaded at
the beginning of execution.


4.2.8.3 ecord

This option allows you to record or change a macro. Macros may be
assigned to any of the ten function keys. When selected, you will
be asked to press the function key you wish to assign the macro to.
When selected, an 'R' will appear in the left column of the status
line, as shown below:

- Menu 3 eep ist acro ptions ...
R======= Module: HELLO.C Proc: main() Line: 10 === ...

This is an indicator that a macro recording is in progress. All
keys pressed, until the next acro command, will be recorded for
playback when the specified function key is pressed.









The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 24








When recording macros:

o Only the keys entered into the debugger will be recorded.
Any keys entered into the target program will not be
recorded.

o Up to 99 key strokes may be recorded in one macro.

o Function keys are ignored during macro recording.

o Macros may not be nested or linked.

o The "backward apostrophe" <`> key may be used to bypass a
key when recording a macro. This is useful when recording
part of a key sequence. For instance, lets suppose I wanted
to make the start the single-step trace mode. The key
required key sequence is:

<`>

The key sequence actually recorded would be:



The second key was not recorded, only used to get out
of the trace mode in order to finish recording the macro.


4.2.8.4 ave

This option causes all ten function key macros to be saved in a
file named "TTCD.MAC". Any recorded key strokes saved in
"TTCD.MAC" will be re-loaded the next time TTCD is executed.


4.2.9 ptions

This command allows you to set TTCD parameters. When this command
is selected, the following menu will be displayed:

lip screen on trace now suppression

Each option is discussed below.


4.2.9.1 lip screen on trace

The "lip screen on trace" option allows you to specify whether
you want the target program screen replaced each time a statement
is executed via race. If it is set ON, the "program screen" and
"debugger screen" will be swapped between each statement traced.






The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 25








If it is set to OFF, some target program screen I/O may be lost.
When off, tracing is much faster particularly if the target program
is in a graphics mode.

This option may also be toggled on or off while in the trace mode.


4.2.9.2 now suppression

The "now suppression" option allows you to specify whether you
want CGA "snow" suppressed each time the screen is flipped to or
from the debugger screen. If this is set ON, you should not see
any "glitching" when the screen is flipped. If this is set off,
screen switching will be much faster in the text mode.

Since screen snow does not occur when in any graphics mode, this
option is only effective when the target program is in the text
mode.

Machines equipped with an EGA card should not have snow, regardless
of the mode, however, many CGA cards have this problem.


4.2.10 uit

This command allows you to exit TTCD. If the target program has
not ended execution, you will be asked 'Are you sure?'. Press
to exit TTCD, any other key to resume. If the target program has
ended, pressing will exit TTCD immediately.

If the target program has not ended execution, this command causes
the target program to immediately exit. Any "atexit" functions
will not be executed, files will not be flushed, etc. However, any
memory allocated via standard calls (including allocmem()) should
be freed properly.


4.2.11

rint

This command allows a simple way to send debugging information to
the printer. When selected, the "print option" will toggle. Its
default state is off. When the print option is on, a 'P' will
appear in the second column of the status line, and all debugging
output will go to the printer as well as the screen.

Debugging a program that is also printing may cause some confusion,
but should work properly.


4.2.12 creen

This command will display the 'program screen'. When selected, the
screen contents of the target program will be displayed. Pressing
any key will return to the debugger screen.



The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 26









NOTE: If the program being debugged displays any CGA or EGA
graphics, the '-C' or the '-E' debugger option must be specified to
set aside enough memory for the screen contents. See section 3.1
for a description of command line options.


4.2.13 race

This command allows you to step through program execution. When
selected, the following menu will be displayed:

nimate ingle step

roc step

These commands are discussed below.


4.2.13.1
nimate

This option allows variable-speed continuous ingle step or

roc step tracing. When selected, you will be asked the speed.
The fastest animation speed is 0, the slowest allowed is 50. When
a number 0 thru 50 is entered, you will be returned to the race
menu. At this point, you may select
nimate again to change your
speed, or select ingle step or

roc step to start execution.


4.2.13.2 ingle step

This option will allow you to execute one line of the target
program at a time. When selected, the next source line to be
executed will be displayed with an arrow pointing to it. Also, the
following menu will be displayed:

nimate = ingle step,

roc step, lip = ON

Each time or is pressed, the next statement will be
executed, and the next line will be displayed with an arrow
pointing to it. Press
to start animation (see section
4.2.13.1). Press

to change the trace mode to

roc tracing
(see section 4.2.13.3). Press to toggle the "Flip screen on
trace" option (see section 4.2.9.1). Any other key will end the
trace mode and return to the main menu.

When the ingle step mode reaches a procedure call, that function
will be stepped through also. NOTE: You may only single step
through procedures that are in modules compiled with the 'line
numbers' option on.









The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 27








4.2.13.3

roc step

This option will allow you to execute one line of the target
program at a time. When selected, the next source line to be
executed will be displayed with an arrow pointing to it. Also, the
following menu will be displayed:

nimate ingle step, =

roc step, lip = ON

Each time or

is pressed, the next statement will be
executed, and the next line will be displayed with an arrow
pointing to it. Press
to start animation (see section
4.2.13.1). Press to change the trace mode to ingle tracing
(see section 4.2.13.2). Press to toggle the "Flip screen on
trace" option (see section 4.2.9.1). Any other key will end the
trace mode and return to the main menu.

roc tracing differs from ingle step tracing in that
procedures are not traced, but executed in one step. Even if a
procedure is in a module compiled with line numbers, it will not be
stepped through if its calling function is being

roc traced.


4.2.13.4 Using race

Due to the way the trace mode must work, long delays may be caused
with looping constructs on one line. For instance, if a section of
code reads:

99 j=10000;
100 for(i=0;i> 2) + array[i+1];
101 printf("Loop completed %u iterations\n",j);

Using the
, or

commands to trace through the statements
above will work fine, however, line 100 may take several minutes to
step through. One solution is to avoid single-line looping
statements. The following is more readable anyway:

99 j=10000;
100 for(i=0;i 101 array[i]= (array[i] >> 2) + array[i+1];
102 printf("Loop completed %u iterations\n",j);

This may be stepped through also, but after seeing line 101 several
times, you may be inclined to use the o command instead of
pressing 10,000 times.

If you are fond of single-line looping constructs and do not wish
to change your programming style, another solution is to race up
to the line, use the o command to jump past it, and resume
tracing with the following line.






The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 28








NOTE: When a C statement extends over multiple source lines, the
race command will only show the last line of the statement (with
an arrow pointing to it).


4.2.14 nassemble

This command allows you to un-assemble program code. When
selected, you will be asked for a line number. When entered, a
disassembly listing will be displayed for the code in the specified
line. Pressing will display a disassembly listing of
successive source lines, one at a time. Any other key will return
to the main menu.

The code at any address may be un-assembled by entering the address
preceded by an 'a'. For instance, when prompted for the line
number to start un-assembling at, if "a100" is entered, a
disassembly listing will be displayed, starting CS:100. A starting
segment may also be specified, such as "a6d00:0174".

The instructions displayed by the nassemble command differ
slightly from Intel/MASM assembler instructions, as discussed in
section 5.2. One addition to the disassembled instructions is the
appearance of global symbol names out to the right of some
instructions. Any instruction containing an address corresponding
to a global symbol location will have that symbol displayed
following the instruction. The symbol will be enclosed in angle
brackets. '<>'. For instance, an nassemble listing may resemble
the following:

== 51 ==
560D:00E1 E97B01 JMP 25F
== 53 ==
560D:00E4 B80100 MOV AX,1
560D:00E7 50 PUSH AX
560D:00E8 FF364E0D PUSH [0D4E]
560D:00EC FF36BF0D PUSH [0DBF]
560D:00F0 9A0202C759 LCALL 59C7:0202
560D:00F5 83C406 ADD SP,6
== 54 ==
560D:00F8 9A6B03C759 LCALL 59C7:036B
== 55 ==
560D:00FD 803E860000 CMP BYTE [0086],0
560D:0102 7503 JNE 0107
560D:0104 E95801 JMP 25F

This is a disassembly of lines 51 thru 55. Notice that line 52 is
not listed. This is because no code was generated from this line
of source code. Note that 'deletecell()' and 'printfreemem()' are
procedures, while 'currow', 'curcol', and 'autocalc' are variables.







The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 29








Due to the way 8086 instructions may be indexed, it is possible for
a global symbol to be displayed erroneously because its address
matched a "displacement" value in an instruction. This should be
rare, but it can happen.

Warning: Any model that has 4-byte addresses, may not display some
global symbol names. For instance, in the above section of code,
lets suppose I was just looking at a disassembly of line 51, but
was currently at line 347, the DS register may have a different
value, and the address DS:0D4E would not correspond to the location
of "currow". If this were the case, the "" symbol would
not be displayed to the right of the instruction at 560D:00E8. The
is also true for statements that have a "segment override", such
as:

MOV AX,ES:[0D4E]


4.3 The Repeat Count

The "repeat count" is a number from 0 to 9999 entered at the main
menu. It is used to specify "how many times" the next command does
some action. The repeat count is used differently for different
commands, and is a very powerful command option if used properly.

The repeat count is displayed near the left end of the status line.

The repeat count is used in conjunction with each command discussed
below.

o reakpoints - A repeat count greater than 1 when a
breakpoint is set will cause the breakpoint to be "ignored"
N-1 times. The default is 1. For instance, if I press:

<1> <5> <1> 10

This will set a non-sticky breakpoint (number 1) to line 10,
but the breakpoint will be dormant for 14 "passes" through
line 10. On the 15th time line 10 is reached, the
breakpoint will return control to the debugger.

o isplay - the repeat count determines the number items
displayed. The default is 1. The repeat count is ignored
if the display type is ex or tring.

o o - A repeat count greater than 1 when the o command
is selected will cause execution to "pass-through" the
specified line or procedure N-1 times. The default is 1.
For instance, if I press:

<5> <3>

update_display

The fifty-third time "update_display()" is called, control
will return to the debugger main menu.



The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 30









o ist - The repeat count determines the number of lines
listed each time is pressed. The default is 5.

o nassemble - The repeat count determines the number of
lines un-assembled each time is pressed. The
default is 1.


4.4 Program Termination

When the target program ends execution (either normally, or
abnormally), the message "Execution Terminated (return value=%d)"
will be displayed. The "%d" will be replaced with the value
returned by the program (i.e. - the number specified in the
"exit()" command).

NOTE: If there is not enough memory to execute the target program,
the program termination message may be displayed erroneously. See
section 5.8.





































The TTCD Commands and Displays Page 31









5.0 Notes about Debugging with TTCD


5.1 Source Code Formatting

The format of C source code can cause the line numbers in the .MAP
file to be seemingly incorrect. This can cause some confusion when
trying to debug programs. Simple changes in the source code
formatting style can minimize this problem. The following is a
list of source-formatting considerations when writing programs:

o One C statement per line line. A 'while' or 'for' construct
is counted as a separate statment here.

o Put 'else' statements on lines by themselves.

o Looping constructs should have a blank line after the
statements in the body of the loop, or have the close-brace
on a line by itself. For instance:

15 for(i=0;i<100;i++)
16 *ptr++=0;
17 printf("Loop complete\n");

A blank line inserted before line 17 will make this portion
of the code easier to trace.

These are never necessary, but can make source-level debugging much
easier to follow.


5.2 Mnemonic Differences

Some of the instruction mnemonics displayed by the nassemble
command will differ slightly from Intel/MASM mnemonics. These have
been changed for reasons of clarity. For instance, a disassembly
showing a RET instruction does not tell us if it is a 2-byte (near)
or 4-byte (far) return.

The major deviations from MASM/Intel mnemonics are with the JMP,
CALL, and RET instructions. TTCD uses JMP, CALL, and RET
instructions to refer to NEAR control transfers. LJMP, LCALL, and
LRET are the respective FAR control transfers of these
instructions. Also the format of indirect instructions has been
simplified, as shown below.

MASM TTCD

CALL WORD PTR [100] CALL [100]
CALL DWORD PTR [100] LCALL [100]
JMP WORD PTR [100] JMP [100]
JMP DWORD PTR [100] LJMP [100]





Notes about Debugging with TTCD Page 32








In general the word "PTR" is not used, and data-size modifiers
(such as "BYTE" or "WORD") are only used when required.


5.3 Special Interrupts

Turbo C uses different interrupt vectors to handle floating point
emulation than those specified in the Intel Technical Reference
manuals. They are INT numbers: 0x35, 0x37, 0x38, 0x39, 0x3a, 0x3c
and 0x3d. These interrupts are treated in a special manner. TTCD
will attempt to decode a variable number of bytes following any of
these INT instructions. If any incorrect decoding (due to some
other use for any of these INT's) is encountered during tracing,
TTCD may lose control of the target program.


5.4 Floating Point Emulation Deviations

As mentioned above, Turbo C code differs somewhat from Intel 8087
emulation specs. Because of this, I have had to handle some
floating point emulation code by "seat of the pants" methods. If
you should ever encounter an nassemble listing that has no
mnemonic on a line, then I have missed an instruction type. PLEASE
LET ME KNOW OF ANY SUCH OCCURRENCE. If you are a registered full
version user, you will be able to download a fixed version, when
available.


5.5 Floating Point Problems

There seems to be a minor bug in Turbo C causing a problem with
some line numbers in the .MAP file. It seems that any source line
whose first assembler instruction is a floating point instruction
(8087 or emulation code) will not have a line number entry in the
.MAP file. For example, given the following source code:

#include
#include

main()
{
float dbl1=1,dbl2=1;

printf("Line 8\n");
dbl1=dbl1+dbl2;
printf("Line 10\n");

exit(0);
}

Tracing through this program with the

rint option on will print
the following:





Notes about Debugging with TTCD Page 33








5 ->{
6 -> float dbl1=1,dbl2=1;
8 -> printf("Line 8\n");
10 -> printf("Line 10\n");
12 -> exit(0);
Execution terminated (return value=0)

Notice that line 9 was not traced. This is due to the missing line
number in the .MAP file. Also, line 9 cannot be specified for:
reakpoint, oto, or nassemble.

A simple work-around is to put a "dummy" line of code in front of
any such line (for debugging purposes), and use it as the target of
a reakpoint, oto, or nassemble.


5.6 Optimization Options

If the "Use register variables" option is on, it is possible for
the command to show incorrect values. This is due to the
compiler keeping some variable values temporarily in registers.
The nassemble command can be used to check for this. Use the
command to display register values.

If the "Jump optimization" option is on, tracing through some
statements may lead to a little confusion. This is particularly
true of "switch" statements. It is best to leave this option off
if you are new to TTCD.


5.7 The "#line" Directive

The #line directive causes the compiler to re-map the line numbers
put in an object file compiled with line numbers. If the #line
directive is specified in a source module, that you intend to view
in TTCD, the source lines displayed may not be correct lines
corresponding to a location in the code segment. If at some point
in the program TTCD thinks you are at a certain line, it may be
displaying a different source code line on the screen because of a
previous #line directive.


5.8 Memory Considerations

Due to the way that child processes are loaded and executed, it is
possible to not get an "out of memory" error message when the
process-spawning routine really does run out of memory.

In most cases, if there is not enough memory to execute the target
program, an error message will be displayed, and TTCD will exit to
DOS.






Notes about Debugging with TTCD Page 34








It is possible for TTCD to display the message "Execution
Terminated" when the target program did not attempt to run at all.
This seems to happen if there is enough memory to load and relocate
a load-module, but not enough memory to start execution of it
(which requires setting up stack space, and the uninitialized data
space).


5.9 Interrupt Vector Trapping

In order to debug Turbo C programs that trap an interrupt vector
(or otherwise modify the interrupt vector table), TTCD preserves
the interrupt vector table.

TTCD has not been tested extensively with programs that modify the
interrupt vector table, but most "interrupt-trapping" programs
should be able to used with it. There will probably be some
difficulty in attempting to use TTCD to debug any program that
traps a "timed" interrupt vector.

Care should be taken if any interrupt vectors are set to point to
procedures in the target program. TTCD will not be able to trace
through the procedure unless trapped by a reakpoint, and then
traced. Note that if the "interrupt" procedure transfers control
to another point in the target program (via "longjmp"), TTCD may
lose control of execution, unless you are tracing the interrupt
procedure, or use a reakpoint. For instance, if a target
program traps the vector, and then does a long jump
to the program's main menu, it is a good idea to set a sticky
breakpoint at the program's main menu. This will allow you to
press while debugging your program, and TTCD will
still maintain control of it.

NOTE: TTCD uses interrupt vector number 3. If any target program
changes this vector, TTCD will "lose control" of execution of it.


5.10 Trapping Math Errors

TTCD will not trap, or control the trapping of math errors in any
target program. In other words, if the target program traps math
errors on its own, that routine will still trap math errors when
executed under TTCD.

If math errors are not trapped, the default action for Turbo C to
generate is a one-line error message, then abort the program with a
return value of 3.

This is worth mentioning because, while tracing through a program,
you may not see an error message flash by, only the TTCD message
"Execution Terminated (return value=3)". If the "Flip screen on
race" option is on, any error message should be on the target
program screen; otherwise, it may be overwritten by debugging
information.



Notes about Debugging with TTCD Page 35








6.0 Input responses to TTCD prompts


6.1 Input field editing

Inputs to TTCD may be edited using the cursor keys. The following
keys are used for input editing:

Enter the displayed input into TTCD. The
cursor does not have to be at the end of
the input string when is pressed.

Move the cursor left in the input field,
erasing characters as it goes.

Delete the character under the cursor.


Move the cursor to the beginning of the
input field.

Move the cursor to the last character in
the input field.

Move the cursor left in the input field,
but do not erase characters.

Move the cursor right in the input field.

Move the cursor left one word.

Move the cursor right one word.

Erase from the current cursor position to
the beginning of the input field.

Erase from the current cursor position to
the end of the input field.


Many input prompts are pre-filled with expected values. If a value
is displayed, you may: press the enter key to input it, use
the editing keys to edit it, or just type the desired response, and
it will be cleared automatically.


6.2 Case sensitivity

Like the C language, all input responses to TTCD prompts are case
sensitive. An exception to this is hex digits. When a hex number
is entered, its digits may be upper or lower case. Any global
symbol name entered in response to a TTCD prompt will not be found
if the letters do not match exactly.




Notes about Debugging with TTCD Page 36









6.3 Input Radix Defaults

When TTCD prompt for a numeric input of some kind, it expects hex
numbers in some cases, and decimal in others. To be specific,
addresses or address offsets are expected in hexidecimal. Non-
address values (i.e. - a conditional breakpoint comparison value,
input to the alculator, etc.) are expected to be decimal
numbers. A hexidecimal number may be entered where a decimal
number is expected, by prefixing the number with a "0x". (Just
like in the "C" language.)


6.4 Address Specification Defaults

All addresses entered into TTCD that do not contain a segment
specification have an implied segment register. The default
segment values are similar to those used when programming in
assembler. These can always be overridden by specifying a segment
value, or a segment register in the address expression.

The implied segment values are as follows:

CS - If the address is 'code' related.

SS - If the address expression contains SP or BP.

DS - All other addresses.





























Notes about Debugging with TTCD Page 37








7.0 TTCD.MAC Format and Use


If there is a file named "TTCD.MAC" in the current directory, it is
loaded when TTCD begins execution. This file contains TTCD
configuration information, and the key macros last saved (via the
command).

The format of TTCD.MAC is:

Offset
(byte) Use
------ ---
0 Color of non-highlighted menu characters.
1 Color of highlighted menu characters.
2 Status line color.
3 "Keep" information color.
4 Input prompt color.
5 Input response color.
6 Color of main debugging area.
7 Color of traced lines.

8-19 Reserved for future use.

20+ Extended key codes for each of the 10 macro keys.

The first 8 bytes in TTCD.MAC are the attributes bytes for the
specified screen areas. These may be changed with the DOS DEBUG
program, or a hex file editor.




























TTCD Details and Nomenclature Page 38









8.0 Known TTCD Bugs and Anomalies

At the time of this writing, there is one known bug in TTCD. As
discussed in section 5.8, it is possible for the target program to
abend with an error code of 3, when it did not really execute at
all.



















































Known TTCD Bugs and Anomalies Page 39






































































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