Dec 082017
 
Latest Version of The Personal C Compiler (v1.2d) direct from PSYMATIC BBS.
File PCC12D.ZIP from The Programmer’s Corner in
Category C Source Code
Latest Version of The Personal C Compiler (v1.2d) direct from PSYMATIC BBS.
File Name File Size Zip Size Zip Type
BUF128.A 3456 1208 deflated
BUGS!.EXE 23552 10541 deflated
CTYPE.H 992 340 deflated
DOS.H 883 327 deflated
DUMP.C 1408 600 deflated
EXEC.O 811 404 deflated
ISETUP.A 7214 3011 deflated
LATER.C 1833 780 deflated
LIFE.C 5899 2080 deflated
MATH.H 435 194 deflated
PC2.EXE 37376 18656 deflated
PCC.DOC 176334 41893 deflated
PCC.EXE 40960 21016 deflated
PCC7.S 32616 15613 deflated
PCCA.EXE 38912 19446 deflated
PCCL.EXE 19968 9854 deflated
PCCS.S 41993 19405 deflated
PCIO.A 13154 3912 deflated
RAM.COM 484 445 deflated
SETJMP.H 79 71 deflated
STDIO.H 358 205 deflated

Download File PCC12D.ZIP Here

Contents of the PCC.DOC file


















PCC



A Personal C Compiler





Version 1.2d (January 1993)





















U S E R's M A N U A L

































Manufactured and Distributed by:





C Ware Corporation

P.O. Box 428

Paso Robles, CA 93447





(805) 239-4620 [Voice and FAX]









Copyright 1989 by C Ware Corporation and DeSmet Software

All Rights Reserved









1











TABLE OF CONTENTS





T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S



1. The Legal Stuff............................................1

1.1. License...............................................2

1.2. Support Policy........................................2

1.3. DISCLAIMER............................................3

1.4. FOREIGN RESHIPMENT LIABILITY..........................3

1.5. LIMITED WARRANTY ......................................3

1.6. LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES...............................3

1.7. General...............................................4

1.8. TRADEMARKS............................................4

1.9. ORDERING INFORMATION..................................4

1.10. Use by Educational Institutions......................5

1.11. Corporate, Business, Government and Commercial Use...5



2. Preface....................................................7



3. An Introduction To PCC.....................................8

3.1. Using Text, Book, Magazine or Download source code....8

3.2. Getting Started.......................................9

3.3. PCC Files.............................................9

3.4. Basic System.........................................10

3.5. Setting Up DOS 2.xx, 3.xx, ..........................10

3.6. RAM DISK.............................................11

3.7. Completion Codes.....................................11



4. PCC -- The Personal C Compiler............................13

4.1. Introduction.........................................13

4.2. Examples.............................................14

4.3. The C Language.......................................15

4.3.1. Preprocessor directives.......................15

4.3.2. Data Types....................................15

4.4. Extensions...........................................16

4.4.1. Forward References............................18

4.4.2. Externs.......................................18

4.4.3. Macros........................................20

4.4.4. Strings.......................................20



5. The PCCA 8088 Assembler...................................21

5.1. Introduction.........................................21

5.2. Invocation...........................................21

5.3. Example..............................................21



6. The PCCL Object File Linker...............................23

6.1. Introduction.........................................23

6.2. Invocation...........................................23

6.3. Examples.............................................24

6.4. Space Considerations.................................25

6.5. Overlays.............................................25

6.6. Libraries............................................27



























TABLE OF CONTENTS





7. The PCCS.S Standard Library...............................28

7.1. Introduction.........................................28

7.2. Names................................................28

7.3. Program Initialization...............................28

7.4. Calling Conventions..................................29

7.5. LIBRARY CONVENTIONS..................................31

7.6. Disk Input/Output Routines...........................32

7.7. Math Routines........................................33

7.8. IBM-PC Screen and Keyboard Interface.................34

7.9. Standard Library Functions...........................34

7.9.1. abs().........................................34

7.9.2. atoi()........................................34

7.9.3. atof()........................................35

7.9.4. atol()........................................35

7.9.5. ceil()........................................36

7.9.6. chain().......................................36

7.9.7. close().......................................37

7.9.8. creat().......................................37

7.9.9. dates().......................................37

7.9.10. doint()......................................37

7.9.11. exec().......................................38

7.9.12. exit().......................................39

7.9.13. exp()........................................39

7.9.14. fabs().......................................40

7.9.15. fclose().....................................40

7.9.16. fgetc()......................................40

7.9.17. fgets()......................................40

7.9.18. floor()......................................41

7.9.19. fopen()......................................41

7.9.20. fputc()......................................41

7.9.21. fputs()......................................42

7.9.22. frand()......................................42

7.9.23. fscanf().....................................42

7.9.24. getc().......................................42

7.9.25. getchar()....................................43

7.9.26. gets().......................................43

7.9.27. getw().......................................44

7.9.28. in().........................................44

7.9.29. index()......................................44

7.9.30. log()........................................44

7.9.31. lmove()......................................45

7.9.32. longjmp()....................................45

7.9.33. open().......................................46

7.9.34. os().........................................46

7.9.35. out()........................................46

7.9.36. peek().......................................46

7.9.37. poke().......................................47

7.9.38. pow()........................................47

7.9.39. putc().......................................47

7.9.40. putchar()....................................47

7.9.41. puts().......................................48

7.9.42. putw().......................................48

7.9.43. qsort()......................................48

7.9.44. rand().......................................49

7.9.45. rename().....................................49

















TABLE OF CONTENTS





7.9.46. rindex().....................................49

7.9.47. scanf()......................................50

7.9.48. scr_aputs()..................................52

7.9.49. scr_ci().....................................52

7.9.50. scr_co().....................................52

7.9.51. scr_clr()....................................52

7.9.52. scr_clrl()...................................52

7.9.53. scr_cls()....................................53

7.9.54. scr_csts()...................................53

7.9.55. scr_cursoff()................................53

7.9.56. scr_curson().................................53

7.9.57. scr_rowcol().................................53

7.9.58. scr_scdn()...................................54

7.9.59. scr_scrdn()..................................54

7.9.60. scr_scrup()..................................54

7.9.61. scr_scup()...................................54

7.9.62. scr_setmode()................................54

7.9.63. scr_setup()..................................55

7.9.64. scr_sinp()...................................55

7.9.65. setjmp().....................................56

7.9.66. sqrt().......................................56

7.9.67. srand()......................................56

7.9.68. sscanf().....................................57

7.9.69. strcat().....................................57

7.9.70. strcmp().....................................57

7.9.71. strcpy().....................................57

7.9.72. strlen().....................................58

7.9.73. strncat()....................................58

7.9.74. strncmp()....................................58

7.9.75. strncpy()....................................59

7.9.76. times()......................................59

7.9.77. ungetc().....................................59

7.9.78. unlink().....................................59







Appendices



A. Messages..................................................60

A.1. PCC Compiler Messages................................60

A.1.1. Banner and Termination Messages...............60

A.1.2. Messages......................................60

A.1.2.1. PCC Fatal Errors.....................60

A.1.2.2. PCC Errors...........................62

A.1.2.3. PCC Warnings.........................66

A.1.2.4. PCCA Errors ( from PCC Execution )...67

A.2. PCCA Assembler Messages..............................67

A.2.1. Banner and Termination Messages...............67

A.2.2. Messages Produced by PCCA.....................67

A.2.2.1. Fatal Errors From PCCA...............68

A.2.2.2. Errors from PCCA.....................68

A.3. PCCL Messages........................................71

A.3.1. Banner and Termination Messages...............71

A.3.2. Warnings from PCCL............................71

A.3.3. Fatal Errors from PCCL .......................72

















TABLE OF CONTENTS







B. Order Form................................................74



C. User Comments.............................................75



index.....................................................76



















































































































TABLE OF CONTENTS





L I S T O F F I G U R E S



7-1: Initial Memory Layout....................................29































































































































Personal C Compiler



PCC 1.2d





A Product of C WARE CORPORATION



Copyright (c) 1988, 1989 C WARE CORPORATION

All Rights Reserved



PCC is a fully operational and tested 'C' Compiler. This is NOT

cripple-ware. As a reward for registration, you will receive a

disk with several utilities to enhance the compiler:



1. Clist - reads C source files and produces a listing file

with a symbol cross-reference.



2. Lib88 - object code librarian. Reads object files and

other library files and produces library files.



3. Profile - C program execution profiler. Monitors program

execution and shows where time is spent in the

program.



4. Xarray - A library of memory access functions to use the

entire 640K RAM space. With source.



Registered users are also eligible to purchase several useful

utilities to further enhance the capabilities of the compiler.





1. The Legal Stuff



This version of the documentation, software and copyright

supersedes all previous versions of PCC.



PCC software copyright (C) 1988, 1989 by C WARE CORPORATION. All

rights reserved.



This document copyright (C) 1988, 1989 C WARE CORPORATION. All

rights reserved.



Specifications subject to change without notice.



Most of the hardware names in this manual are trademarks or trade

names of specific manufactures.



































Legal Stuff Page 2





1.1. License



This PCC is NOT public domain or free software, but is being

distributed as "shareware".



PCC is copyright (C) 1988, 1989 by C WARE CORPORATION.



Non-registered users of this software are granted a limited

license to make an evaluation copy for trial use on a private,

non-commercial basis, for the express purpose of determining

whether PCC is suitable for their needs. At the end of this trial

period of THIRTY DAYS you MUST either register your copy or

discontinue using PCC.



A PCC registration entitles you to use the program on any and all

computers available to you, as long as you use the program on

only one computer at a time with the following restriction:



All users are granted a limited license to copy PCC only for the

trial use of others. This license does NOT include distribution

or copying of this software package:



1. In connection with any other product or service except as

noted below.

2. For general use within a company or institution.

3. Distribution in modified form. This license information

MUST be included, along with the full PCC documentation

and all PCC files as released by C WARE CORPORATION.



Operators of electronic bulletin board systems (SYSOPS) are

encouraged to post PCC for downloading by users.



If you are the distributor of a public domain or user-supported

software library, you may be distribute copies of PCC. A fee of

not to exceed $8.00 perdisk may be charged for copy service,

handling and materials. The files MUST be distributed in

"archived' form so users may be able to adequately varify the

integrity of the files.



The additional utilities available to registered users shall NOT

be distributed by any individual or organization other than C

WARE CORPORATION.



1.2. Support Policy



The nature of this product and the pricing makes it necessary for

us to NOT provide telephone support for users excepting as noted

in the pricing schedule below. We will have to refuse to answer

questions unless you have registered the product AND paid for

phone support. Every attempt will be made to address questions

left on our support BBS in an appropriate and timely manner.

However, this support will be on a when-time-is-available basis

and C WARE CORPORATION is NOT responsible to provide support in

any form for non-registered or registered users. Information

will be posted on our support BBS when it becomes available as

















Legal Stuff Page 3





well as bug fixes or patches. Upgrades to PCC will be made when

appropriate to improve, enhance or correct the product.



1.3. DISCLAIMER





The author has taken due care in preparing this manual and the

programs and data on the electronic media accompanying this book

including research, development, and testing to ascertain their

effectiveness. The author and the publisher make no expressed or

implied warranty of any kind with regard to these programs nor

the supplemental documentation in this book. In no event shall

the author or C Ware Corporation be liable for incidental or

consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the

furnishing, performance or use of any of these programs.





1.4. FOREIGN RESHIPMENT LIABILITY



THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT IS EXPRESSLY MADE SUBJECT TO ANY LAWS,

REGULATIONS, ORDERS OR OTHER RESTRICTIONS ON THE EXPORT FROM THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA OF SOFTWARE, OR OF INFORMATION ABOUT

SUCH SOFTWARE, WHICH MAY BE IMPOSED FROM TIME TO TIME BY THE

GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. NOTWITHSTANDING

ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THIS AGREEMENT TO THE CONTRARY, YOU MAY NOT

EXPORT, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, ANY SUCH SOFTWARE OR INFORMATION

PERTAINING THERETO TO ANY COUNTRY FOR WHICH SUCH GOVERNMENT OR

AGENCY THEREOF REQUIRES AN EXPORT LICENSE OR OTHER SUCH

GOVERNMENT APPROVAL AT THE TIME OF EXPORT WITHOUT FIRST OBTAINING

SUCH LICENSE OR APPROVAL.



1.5. LIMITED WARRANTY



PCC IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER

EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED

WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR

PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF

PCC IS WITH YOU.



SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED WARRANTIES, SO

THE ABOVE EXCLUSIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. THIS WARRANTY GIVES

YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS AND YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS

WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE.



C Ware does not warrant that operation of PCC will be

uninterrupted or error free.



1.6. LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES



If C Ware is unable to deliver a copy of PCC that is

satisfactory, then you may obtain a full refund by returning all

PCC materials and documantation within thirty days of delivery to

you as evidenced by a copy of your receipt.





















Legal Stuff Page 4





This refund is the entire extent of C Ware's liability and your

exclusive remedy.



IN NO EVENT WILL C WARE BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY DAMAGES,

INCLUDING ANY LOST PROFITS, LOST SAVINGS OR OTHER INCIDENTAL OR

CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE

PCC EVEN IF C WARE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH

DAMAGES, OR FOR ANY CLAIM BY ANY OTHER PARTY.



SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY

FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTAIL DAMAGES SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION

OR EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.



1.7. General



This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the State of

California.



Should you have any questions concerning this Agreement, you may

write to C Ware Corporation, PO Box 428, Paso Robles, CA 93447.



YOUR CONTINUED USE OF PCC BEYOND THE THIRTY DAY TRIAL PERIOD,

WITH OR WITHOUT REGISTRATION, ACKNOWLEDGES THAT YOU HAVE READ

THIS AGREEMENT, UNDERSTAND IT AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY ITS TERMS

AND CONDITIONS. YOU FURTHER AGREE THAT IT IS THE COMPLETE AND

EXCLUSIVE AGREEMENT BETWEEN US WHICH SUPERSEDES ANY PROPOSAL OR

PRIOR AGREEMENT, ORAL OR WRITTEN, ANY ANY OTHER COMMUNICATIONS

BETWEEN US RELATING TO THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THIS AGREEMENT.



1.8. TRADEMARKS



MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

PC-DOS is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation.

Compaq is a registered trademark of Compaq Inc.

Tandy 1000 is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation.





1.9. ORDERING INFORMATION



A PCC registration licenses you to use the product on a regular

basis. Users need register only one version of PCC, registration

includes licensed use of all upgrades. Registered users can

always get the most current version of the program at a nominal

fee ($8.00 as of this writing) by calling or writing C WARE

CORPORATION. The latest version will also be available on the

following "official distribution BBS":



1. PYSMATIC BBS, Sunnyvale, CA (415)-969-4159





If you purchased PCC through a distributor of public domain or

user-supported software, you did NOT pay for the license. The

fee ($8.00 max per disk) was to cover the costs of copying the

disk(s), the media and handling overhead. You paid for the

vendors service.

















Legal Stuff Page 5







Registration for PCC costs $30 and assumes you have already

received a copy of the program from whatever source.



1.10. Use by Educational Institutions



Educational institutions wishing to use PCC for courses involving

C MUST obtain a site license. State or city operated

institutions shall pay $10.00 per student using the program.

Private or commercial institutions shall pay $15.00 per student

using the program. All reproduction of documentation and media

shall be done by the licensed site institution. The additional

utilities offered to registered users may be purchased at 66% off

for state or city operated institutions and 50% off for private

or commercial institutions.



Students using the program via this method are NOT registered

users and must register their copy as per the licensing agreement

for an indivdual if they use the program after completion or

termination of the course.



1.11. Corporate, Business, Government and Commercial Use



Corporate, business, government or other commercial uses of PCC is

PROHIBITED. We offer an excellent C Development Package for such

commercial users. Please contact C WARE CORPORATION directly for

information and pricing. The intent of PCC is to provide a low

cost base for persons interested in learning C or using C

primarily for programs for self used programs. If you find you

wish to sell a program developed with PCC, you must do the

following:



1. The program and documentaion must prominently indicate

the code was compiled with PCC (c) 1988, 1989 C WARE

CORPORATION.



2. Get written permission ( which is no big problem ) by

sending us a copy of the program as it is to be sold or

distributed. A letter granting permission will be sent

promptly, if your package meets the requirements of

paragraph 1 above.





ALL PRICES ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.





Please use the order form in Appendix C when placing an order.





























Legal Stuff Page 6





You can also register/order your copy of PCC by phone, using your

MasterCard or VISA. Phone (805)-239-4620, 9:00 - 4:00 p.m. PST

or PDT only.



Sorry, C.O.D. orders will NOT be accepted.



ORDERS OUTSIDE THE US: Please use your Mastercard or VISA when

ordering, or send checks drawn on US banks in US dollars. All

checks must have US bank magnetic routing symbols. Please

include an additional $3 to cover postage on orders to be sent

outside of the US.



Full-time students can apply a 10% discount on all prices. You

MUST include your a photo-copy of your most recent registration

slip and student ID card.



PRICE SCHEDULE AND INFORMATION ( November 1988 )



1. Individual Registration - $30.00

- Copy of program sent if requested

- Registration package sent automatically



*** Below items only available to registered users. ***



2. Editor - $15.00



3. Debugger - $15.00



4. MS DOS Linker compatability utility - $ 8.00



5. Special utilities package - $ 8.00



6. Five phone support calls (5-min). - $15.00

- Total 25 minutes of help time







NOTES:



1. The above prices do not include CA sales tax.



2. Sorry, we do not have a printed manual available.



3. For fastest service please send Money Order or use Visa

or MasterCharge. We may wait 10 days for personal

checks to clear.



4. Please allow 30 days for delivery. Money order, Visa and

MasterCharge should ship in two(2) working days but

things do get hectic at times. Drop us a line if you

haven't got your order in 15 days.



5. Please use the form in appendix F to order.





















Preface Page 7





2. Preface





The PCC package would not exist but for the tireless work of

L. B. Neal. He has called us, badgered us, sent us manuals and

materials, jumped up and down about the virtues of Shareware, and

in general demanded that we transform the DeSmet C package into

PCC.



The PCC package also owes everything to the incredible work of

Mark DeSmet. At a time when most programmers couldn't spell 'C',

Mark wrote a compiler, assembler, linker and library for not one

operating system, but two. The fact that it is still the fastest

C compiler in the current benchmarks further attests to Mark's

skills.



This manual describes the C Ware Personal C Compiler for the IBM-

PC personal computer and the other MS-DOS based personal

computers. It is based on the DeSmet C Development Package. If

you are unfamiliar with the C language or UNIX, the book The C

Programming Language (First edition -- the Second edition contains

features and enhancements of ANSI C not found in PCC) by Brian

Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie is available. If you plan on coding

in assembly language, it is advisable to get a manual on the

Intel 8086 microprocessor. Books such as Intel's ASM86 Language

Reference Manual or The 8086 Family User's Guide are good

choices. These manuals fully describe the architecture and the

instruction set of the 8086/8088 family of microprocessors.







































































An Introduction to PCC Page 8





3. An Introduction To PCC



Now that we made it through all of the formalities lets take a

look at what PCC contains.



PCC is a fast powerful C compiler. It is fully compatable

with code written for DeSmet Ver: 2.51. Code for earlier

versions of DeSmet should work with minimal adjustment.



This compiler is NOT full of bells and whistles it just

makes fast tight compact programs.



Some of the terms and conventions of PCC a bit different than

what you may find in a text or book on the C language, so we

will first do a quick run through the terms used in

PCC12B.DOC.



TEXT OR BOOK NAME PCC NAME COMMENT



LINK PCCL Builds .EXE file



filename.obj filename.o Basis for .EXE file



filename.asm filename.a Assembly source file



MASM or ASM PCCA 8088/8086 Assembler



CC or CPP PCC Main Compiler

(First Pass)

CC1 PC2 Compiler Second Pass



3.1. Using Text, Book, Magazine or Download source code



Many C compilers are around and so are an almost equal number of

variations of interpretation of what C syntax should be. And

then there are the extensions to support I/O, machine specific

functions, etc. Source NOT written for PCC or DeSmet Ver: 2.51

will have to have minimally minor adjustments made to be accepted

by the PCC compiler and to run properly.



In fact finding, compiling and modifying source code is an

excellent way to learn any language or compiler. Just be careful

to not adopt bad habits from exposure to poorly written code,

i.e. keep your eyes open.





*****************************************************************



CAUTION: PCC will accept any valid code you supply to it, as will

any compiler. The code may well be valid, but the result of the

code may well be dangerous to the health and safety of your

computer, monitor or contents of your Hard Drive or floppies (

and it WILL be at one time or another ). Guard and maintain

uptodate copies of all files on your system. If your program or

the compiler starts to act erratic: i.e. screen goes blank, funny

















An Introduction to PCC Page 9





video display, noises from hardware, or any strange unexpected

actions., IMMEDIATELY TURN OFF THE POWER to the computer and

investigate carefully after you have the system rebooted.



******************************************************************



THE REST IS UP TO YOU



C is a powerful and useful language, we hope you find PCC a help

to your learning and use of the C language.



Your comments and suggestions on how to improve our product are

welcome.



Enjoy your adventure into the land of C and we hope your programs

help you in your computing.



3.2. Getting Started



First things first. Copy all of the files from the distribution

disks onto a set of working floppy diskettes or hard disk. The

package is not copy-protected so the MS-DOS copy command can be

used to copy the files. The package is distributed on a single

double-sided (360KB) diskette. The distribution diskette should

never be used, it should be kept as the backup copy of PCC.



Lets make sure the compiler files are intact. A source program

called DUMP.C has been provided in this package. Place the files

from PCC12B.DWC in a directory of your choice or on floppy disks

per the later documentation. To compile DUMP.C enter



>PCC DUMP



This will compile DUMP.C into an object module DUMP.O. To link

DUMP.O with the required library functions in PCCS.S enter



>PCCL DUMP



This will produce a file DUMP.EXE. To run DUMP.EXE enter



>DUMP DUMP.C



This will produce a hex and ascii dump of DUMP.C on your screen.

If DUMP runs correctly, then the compiler should be in good

working order.



3.3. PCC Files



The package is distributed as an archive file -- PCC.DWC -- so

that integrity checks may be run. PCC.DWC contains the following

files:



BUF128.A Source code for BUF128.EXE.

BUGS!.EXE Arcade game (use 'BUGS! c' for color displays).

CTYPE.H Include file for character typing macros.

















An Introduction to PCC Page 10





DUMP.C Source code for DUMP.EXE.

EXEC.O The Exec() and Chain() functions.

ISETUP.A Run-time startup source code.

LATER.C Source code for a file modification date checking

program.

LIFE.C Source code for LIFE.EXE.

MATH.H Include file for the Standard Math package.

PC2.EXE The second pass of the C compiler.

PCC.DOC This file

PCC.EXE The first pass of the C compiler.

PCC7.S The standard C function library with 8087 support.

To use this library, rename it to PCCS.S.

PCCA.EXE The assembler and third pass of the C compiler.

PCCL.EXE The object file linker.

PCCS.S The standard C function library with software

floating-point support.

RAM.COM RAM Disk driver for DOS 2.0 and later operating

systems.

PCIO.A Source code for the PC screen functions.

SETJMP.H Include file for non-local jumps

STDIO.H Include file for the Standard I/O package.





3.4. Basic System



The minimum files you need from PCC.ARC are PCC.EXE, PC2.EXE,

PCCA.EXE, and PCCS.S. The files STDIO.H and MATH.H contain

useful declarations.



If you are developing in a directory other than the one that

contains the PCC files, be sure to set the PATH environment

variable to include the PCC directory.



3.5. Setting Up DOS 2.xx, 3.xx, ...



For systems utilizing DOS 2.x or later versions of the operating

systems, make sure that the ASCII text file CONFIG.SYS exists on

your boot disk.



The file must contain the line:



FILES=20



since PCC supports 20 open files Q stdin, stdout, stderr, and 17

other files. The default number of eight is insufficient for the

PCCL program.



If there is enough memory available, add the line:



BUFFERS=20



to improve file performance in the operating system. 512 bytes

are allocated for each buffer specified.





















An Introduction to PCC Page 11





3.6. RAM DISK



If you have a system with more than 256 kilobytes of memory, then

the Ram Disk driver RAM.COM can be used to create an extremely

fast disk. To add a Ram Disk, copy the RAM.COM file from the

distribution diskette to the system disk and add the line:



DEVICE=RAM.COM n



to the CONFIG.SYS file. The parameter, n, is a decimal number

from 32 to 650 indicating the size of the Ram Disk. The value is

specified in units of one kilobyte (1024).



Re-boot the system to install the Ram Disk. The drive letter

used for this 'disk drive' is dependent on the configuration of

the system. DOS will install the Ram Disk at the first free

device "slot". For an IBM PC with two floppies, this will

probably be drive C:. For an XT, it will probably be drive D:.

Sanyo 550/5 reserves the first four slots for its floppies, so

the Ram Disk is drive E:. To find where DOS has installed the

Ram Disk, use



chkdsk x:



where x takes on the values c, d, .... You will get either a

disk error, or a return showing the size of the Ram Disk. Once

you find it, the Ram Disk will always be the same until you add

other device drivers before it in the CONFIG.SYS file.



3.7. Completion Codes



The PCC, PCCA, and PCCL programs set the completion code to:



zero if no warnings or errors occurred,


one if warnings were issued, and

two if errors occurred.



Batch files can take advantage of these values to stop execution

or otherwise handle these exceptional cases.



The following batch file will stop on a PCC or PCCL error:



PCC %1

if errorlevel 1 goto stop

bind %1

if errorlevel 1 goto stop

%1

:stop



More complicated development situations can be handled with the

program LATER which is supplied in source form in the file

LATER.C. LATER takes a list of filenames as arguments. It sets

the errorlevel to one if the last file does not exist or if the

last file has an earlier modification date than any other file in

the list. It can only be used on systems with a battery backup

















An Introduction to PCC Page 12





clock or where users are careful about setting the date and time

when the system is brought up. Assume a program is composed of

the files moda.c, modb.c, modc.c and the include file mod.h. The

following .BAT file can be used to regenerate the program

whenever a module changes:



later moda.c mod.h moda.o

if errorlevel 1 PCC moda

if errorlevel 1 goto stop

later modb.c mod.h modb.o

if errorlevel 1 PCC modb

if errorlevel 1 goto stop

later modc.c mod.h modc.o

if errorlevel 1 PCC modc

if errorlevel 1 goto stop

later moda.o modb.o modc.o mod.exe

if errorlevel 1 bind moda modb modc -omod

:stop



This provides a service similar to the UNIX MAKE program. Only

those files that need to be compiled will be compiled.





















































































PCC -- The Personal C Compiler Page 13





4. PCC -- The Personal C Compiler



4.1. Introduction



PCC is the C compiler for the 8088/8086 family of

microprocessors. It accepts C source programs as input and

produces object files. The model employed by the compiler

efficiently utilizes the 8088/8086 architecture but limits a

program to 64KB code and 64KB of data.





Invocation



PCC [options]



is the name of the file containing the C source. If it

does not include an extension, the extension '.C' is

assumed.



Options: The case of the option is not significant. Each option

should be separated from other options by blanks. Options may be

preceded with the dash (-) character.



A - assembly output. This option indicates that the

compiler should produce an assembly language source

file instead of an object file. The name of the

assembly language file will be the same as the name of

the source file but will have the extension '.A'.



D - compiler drive specification. The compiler assumes

that the files GEN.EXE and ASM88.EXE are in the

default directory on the current drive. This option

is used to inform the compiler that the files are on a

different drive. For example, if the compiler is on

drive 'M', then the option 'DM' is needed.



Under MS-DOS 2.0 and later versions of the operating

system, this option is rarely needed as the system

PATH variable is also used to find the other passes of

the compiler.



I - include path name. This option overrides the

default drive/directory for files included with the

#include control. The directory name must end with a

trailing backslash (\) character (e.g. -

ic:\src\include\). See section 4.4.1 for #include

details.



N= - specify #define name and value. Used to

set debugging switches or constant values without

editing the file. This option is equivalent to



#define defname defvalue



at the begining of the program.

















PCC -- The Personal C Compiler Page 14





To set to one, enter n, which is

equivalent to



#define defname 1



Spaces are not allowed.



O - output filename. The compiler will produce an

object file with the specified name. If the name

lacks an extension, the extension '.O' will be added.

The default object name is the same as the source name

with the extension of '.O'.



T - specifies the drive that the compiler should use for

its temporary files. If not specified, the compiler

will build its temporary files on the default drive.

If this drive is close to being full, the 'T' option

should be used to change the drive for the

temporaries. Also, if the RAM Disk has been

installed, placing the temporary files there will

drastically cut the amount of time needed to compile a

program.





4.2. Examples



PCC blip

compiles the file named blip.c. The object file will

be named blip.o.



m:PCC b:blip.ccc tm dm



runs the compiler from drive M on the file b:blip.ccc.

Temporary files are also written on drive M. Note the

use of the D option to indicate the location of the

other passes of the compiler. The object file will

also be named blip.o.



PCC blip -ic:\inc\ -a -nNewVersion -nNYear=1985



compiles the file named blip.c. Include files are

taken from the directory c:\inc\. An assembly

language file is generated named blip.a. The 'N'

options are equivalent to adding



#define NewVersion 1

#define NYear 1985



to the start of blip.c





























PCC -- The Personal C Compiler Page 15





4.3. The C Language



PCC compiles C programs that conform to the standard definition

of the C language as described in the book The C Programming

Language by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie. The

following documentation describes the implementation.



4.3.1. Preprocessor directives



#define defines a macro with or without parameters.



#undef, #ifdef and #ifndef - tests the status of the #defined

macros



#include includes other files into the program. #include's

can be nested to a maximum depth of 3.



#include "filename" will search the default directory

for the file filename. #include will first

search the default directory for filename. If the

file was not found, the environment (see DOS 2.X/3.X

SET command) is searched for the variable INCLUDE .

If the variable is found, it is assumed to contain a

set of directory prefixes separated by semi-colons.

For example, if INCLUDE is set as follows



C>set include=c:\;c:\usr\include\



then the line



#include



would cause PCC to search for



world.h

c:\world.h

c:\usr\include\world.h



#if, #else, #endif - conditionally includes or excludes source

statements.



4.3.2. Data Types



char Unsigned byte with a range of 0 to 255.



int

short Signed Integer with a range of -32768 to 32767.



unsigned Unsigned integer with a range of 0 to 65535.



long Signed integer with a range of -2147483648 to

2147483647.



float Four byte floating point value. A float number has

about 7 digits of precision and has a range of about

















PCC -- The Personal C Compiler Page 16





1.E-36 to 1.E+36. The floating point formats are

defined by the IEEE floating-point standard.



double Eight byte floating point value. A double number has

about 13 digits of precision and a range of about 1.E-

303 to 1.E+303.



(pointer) pointers are two bytes, limiting total data space to

64KB.



To take advantage of the 8088/8086 instruction set, expressions

involving only char types are not coerced to int before

evaluation. The sum of a char equal to 255 and a char equal to 1

is 0 rather than 256. Constants are considered to be int values

so that constant plus char is a two byte integer operation.



4.4. Extensions



The UNIX Version 7 extensions -- enumerated types, extended

member name-space, and structure assignment are fully supported.



Enumerated types provide a convenient method of declaring an

ordered set of named constants. Values start with zero, and may

be reassigned with a name = value expression. The same value may

be assigned to several names. For example



enum color {red, blue=4, green} ca, *cp;

enum color cb;

if(ca == red)

cb = green;

is equivalent to



#define red 0

#define blue 4

#define green 5

int ca, *cp;

int cb;

if(ca == red)

cb = green;





Extended member name-space relaxes the K&R requirement that if a

member name appeared in more than one structure or union, then it

had to have the same data type and offset in every appearance.

Now, the only restriction is that the member name must be unique

within the structure or union. If a member name is used that is

not in the referenced structure, the warning



member not in structure



is issued. As a loophole, a pointer to char may be used as an

























PCC -- The Personal C Compiler Page 17





anonymous pointer to any structure.

struct {int i, j, k;} zip;

struct {int j; char i;} zap, *zp;

char *cp;



zip.i = 1; /* OK */

zap.i = 1; /* OK */

zap.k = 1; /* WARNING */

zp->i = 1; /* OK */

zp->k = 1; /* WARNING */

cp->k = 1; /* OK, ANONYMOUS */



Structures can be assigned, used as parameters, or returned from

a function. CAUTION: this may create problems with existing

programs because previous versions of PCC converted the name of a

structure in a parameter list to a pointer to that structure,

while the current release pushes the entire structure. To

highlight this potential problem, PCC will issue the following

warning



structure assignment



when structures are passed by value, and the warning



returns structure



when a function returns a structure. These warnings will be

removed in a future release.



struct z {int i, j;} zip, zap, zxax();

main(){

zip = zap; /* structure assignment */

zap = zmax(zip, zap);

}

struct z zmax(a,b) /* func returns struct */

struct z a, b; {

if(a.i > b.i)

return a;

return b;

}



Variable names are significant to 31 characters instead of 8.



A #asm directive has been included to allow in-line assembly

language code for time critical applications. All lines

following a line starting with #asm are passed through to the

assembler. The next line beginning with the "#' character, ends

the in-line assembly code.































PCC -- The Personal C Compiler Page 18





For example:



_move(count, src, tar)

int count; char *src, *tar; {

#asm

MOV CX,[BP+4] ;count

MOV SI,[BP+6] ;src

MOV DI,[BP+8] ;dst

MOV AX,DS

MOV ES,AX

CLD

REP MOVSB

#

}



4.4.1. Forward References



PCC is effectively a one pass compiler so forward references will

not work. The following program:



main() {

i=99;

}

extern int i;



will produce a warning that 'i' is undefined and is assumed to be

a local variable named 'i'. The global variable 'i' will not be

changed.



Structure tags must be defined before being referenced. The only

exception is pointers, so that legal structure declarations

include structures of the form:





struct a {

struct b *x;

}



struct b {

struct a *y;

}





4.4.2. Externs



The rules for 'extern' declarations are:



1. Statements that are global to the source file, like 'int

blip;' may be in several different files that are linked

together. The BINDer will allocate 2 bytes for the global

integer variable blip. This is an extension to the standard

rule that restrict global declarations to a single file and

require all the other declarations to be extern.





















PCC -- The Personal C Compiler Page 19





2. A declaration that includes the keyword 'extern' may not

include initializers and does not allocate any memory. Thus

a variable so declared must be declared somewhere else

without the 'extern' keyword in order to reserve memory for

the variable. For example, if a file contains the

declaration extern int blip then some other file must

contain the declaration int blip to actually allocate

storage. If this is not done, the binder will complain

about a reference to the unresolved symbol blip. It is

permissible to have both an 'extern' and non-'extern'

declaration in a single file. For example,





extern int blip;

int blip;



is valid.



To create include files containing data declarations -- if the

variable is not initialized (which means it will be initialized

with zeros) either include the declaration:



int blip;



in every file or include the declaration:



extern int blip;



in every file and add the declaration:



int blip;



to one of the files to actually allocate the storage.



If the variable needs initialization, the second approach must be

used. Include the declaration:



extern int blip;



in the include file. Initialize the value in only one file:



int blip = 1985;



These rules are about the same as Version 7 UNIX. Extern rules

are an area of C that are currently controversial. System V UNIX

tried to tighten up the rules but enough people complained that

5.2 is back to normal.

































PCC -- The Personal C Compiler Page 20





4.4.3. Macros



Macro arguments are not replaced within a quoted string. For

example, in The C Puzzle Book by Alan Feuer the macros in

use the following construct to customize printf() calls.



#define PR(fmt,v)printf("value=%fmt%t",v);



This does not work with the PCC compiler. Instead add the

following defines to :



#define D "value = %d%t"

#define F "value = %f%t"

#define C "value = %c%t"

#define G "value = %g%t"



and change the PR define to



#define PR(fmt,v)printf(fmt,(v));



Statements of the type



PRINT1(d,x);



must be changed to



PRINT1(D,x);



in the programs. Lower case D, F, C, and G's would allow the

programs to remain unchanged but variables c and g are used in

structure one and variable g is used in structures two and three.





4.4.4. Strings



Literal character strings delimited by quotes ('\"') cannot

contain the NUL character ('\0'). The compiler terminates the

string at the NUL character, even though it checks that the

string has a terminating quote character. If you want NUL

characters in the string for initialization purposes, use an

array assignment.



char init1[]="abcdef@xyz@012", *ip=init1;



while(ip = index(ip, '@'))

*ip = '\0';



































The PCCA 8088 Assembler Page 21





5. The PCCA 8088 Assembler



5.1. Introduction



PCCA is the 8088/8086 assembler. It reads assembly language

source files and produces linkable object files.



5.2. Invocation



PCCA [ options ]



is the name of the assembly language source file. If

it does not include an extension Q the extension '.A'

is assumed.



Options: The case of the option is not significant. Each option

should be separated from other options by blanks. Options may be

preceded with the dash (-) character.



L[ ] -- The assembler will produce a listing from the

assembly language input. This listing includes the

hex-values generated by the assembler as well as line

numbers and pagination. If no name is specified, then

the name of the source file with the extension '.L' is

used. If the specified file does not have an

extension, '.L' will be used. Otherwise the listing

is written to the specified file. To generate a

listing on the printer, use '-LPRN:'.



O The assembler will produce an object file with the

specified name. If the name lacks an extension, then

the extension '.O' will be appended to the name. The

default object file name is the name of the source

file with the extension changed to '.O'.



T The 'T' option specifies the drive where the assembler

temporary files will be created. If a RAM Disk is

available, redirecting temporary files to that drive

will greatly speed development. The assembler

normally creates its temporary files on the default

drive/directory.



Pnn Specifies page length, in lines. The default is 66.



Wnn Specifies page width, in characters, for the list

file. The value nn must be a number from 60 to 132.

The default is 80.



5.3. Example





pcca blip

assembles the file named blip.a and produces an object

file named blip.o.



















The PCCA 8088 Assembler Page 22





M:pcca blip.asm -Ob:blip Lblip.lst



runs the assembler from drive M: on the file named

blip.asm. The output is an object file named blip.o

on drive B: and a listing file named blip.lst on the

default drive.



pcca blip.a TM -oa:blip.o -lb:blip.lst



assembles the file named blip.a. Temporary files are

created on drive M:. The output of the assembler is

placed on drive A: in the file blip.o. A listing file

is generated and written to drive B: in the file

blip.lst



































































































The PCCL Object File Linker Page 23





6. The PCCL Object File Linker



6.1. Introduction



PCCL is the program that links together object and library

modules and forms an executable program. For very long command

lines, see the -f option.





6.2. Invocation



PCCL ... [options]



A sequence of filenames separated by blanks. The

filenames should be the names of object (.O) or

library (.S) files. If a filename does not have an

extension, '.O' is assumed. PCCL automatically looks

for the supplied library PCCS.S so its name should

not be included in the list of filenames.



Options: All options may be in upper or lower case. Options must

be separated by blanks and preceded by a hyphen to differentiate

them from s. Note that this is different from other

commands where the hyphen is optional.



-A The assembler option keeps PCCL from generating the C

initialization code. Instead, execution begins at the

beginning of the code rather than starting at the

main_ public label. ARGC and ARGV are not calculated

and the stack is not set up. Uninitialized variables

are not filled with zero. Library functions such as

creat() and open() cannot be used as they depend on

the zero initialization. The 'A' and 'S' options are

useful for a few cases but caution should be exercised

in their use.



-F identifies a file containing s and options

to be used by PCCL. This is used for very long lists

of filenames and options.



-L specifies the drive/directory containing the PCCS.S

standard library. If this option is not specified,

the PCCS.S file must be on the default drive. With

MS-DOS 2.0 and later versions of the operating system,

the PATH system parameter is used to locate the

library.



-Mn Indicates that the object files following this control

should be collected in the memory-based overlay

indicated by the value n ( 1 to 39 ). See the

description on overlays below for details on the

overlay mechanism.



-O changes the name of the output file to

.EXE. If this option is not specified, the

















The PCCL Object File Linker Page 24





name of the first object file in the list with the

.EXE extension will be used.



-P[] Generates a sorted list of publics and offsets. C

procedures and data declared outside of procedures are

automatically public (or extern) unless explicitly

declared static. Publics with names starting with an

underline '_' are not listed unless the -_ option is

also specified. The optional name is the destination

for the publics list. If omitted, the publics and

offsets are listed on the console. The size of

overlays, if any, will also be displayed.



-Shhhh specifies the stack size. hhhh is in hex. Normally,

PCCL will set the stack size as large as possible.

The '-S' option can be used to limit this size for use

with exec().



-Vn This option is used to create disk-based overlays.

All object files following this option, until the end

of the list or another overlay option, are collected

into the overlay indicated by the value n (1 to 39).

See the overlay section below for details.



-_ (underscore) PCCL normally suppresses names that start with an

underscore (usually internal names) from the publics

list. The underscore option restores these publics to

the listing. This option is useful when you need to

see all the modules bound to your program.





6.3. Examples







pccl blip

links the file blip.o with PCCS.S and produces the

executable file blip.exe.



pccl proga progb progc lib.s -p



links the files proga.o, progb.o, and progc.o with the

user library lib.s and the standard I/O library,

PCCS.S, into the application file proga.exe. The

map is printed on the screen.



pccl proga progb -V1 progc -V2 progd -Pmap -_ -Omyprog



links the files proga.o, progb.o with PCCS.S and

creates the executable file myprog.exe and the overlay

file myprog.ov which contains two overlays consisting

of the object files progc.o and prod.o. The publics

map is sent to the file named map and will also list

the internal names that begin with the underline ('_')

character.

















The PCCL Object File Linker Page 25





6.4. Space Considerations



A program is restricted to a maximum of 64KB of code and 64KB of

data plus the stack. PCCL calculates the size of code and data

and will report the size of each segment (in hex) when the -P

option is specified. PCCL cannot calculate the actual stack

requirements. If the 'stack' and 'locals' size reported by PCCL

seems small, the actual stack requirements should be calculated

by hand to make sure there is enough space. The actual require-

ments are the worst case of four bytes per call plus the size of

locals (including parameters) for all active procedures plus

about 500 bytes for the Operating System calls. In practice, 2KB

plus the size of the local arrays simultaneously active should be

sufficient.



If PCCL reports that the code limit is exceeded, look in the

publics map for the scanf() and printf() routines. These are

relatively large routines (around 2KB each) and also link in the

floating-point routines. Eliminating the use of these routines

can result in a large savings. If scanf() and/or printf() are

necessary but no floating-point values will be used, try using

the PCC7.S instead of the standard PCCS.S library (Rename the

PCCS.S library to something else and rename the PCC7.S library to

PCCS.S). This will assume the availability of the 8087 math chip

and will not bring in the software floating-point routines.





6.5. Overlays



Another way to solve the space problem is the use of overlays.

The overlay system provided by this package is very simple. An

application is divided into a root portion that is always

resident and two or more overlays. Only one overlay is resident

(executable) at any given time.



There are two types of overlays, disk-based overlays and memory-

based overlays. The difference between the two types is the

location of the overlays. Disk-based overlays, created with the

-V option, are stored in a separate file. Memory-based overlays,

created with the -M option, are loaded into memory along with the

root code. Memory-based overlays should only be used when there

is sufficient memory for the root and all of the overlays. The

advantage of memory-based overlays over disk-based overlays is in

the amount of time needed to make an overlay resident, memory-

based overlays being much faster to load.



The application program is responsible for initializing the

overlay subsystem and ensuring that the correct overlay is

resident before calling any of the functions in the overlay.



For disk-based overlays, the routine overlay_init() must be

called from the root with the name of the overlay file to

initialize the overlay system. Overlays are loaded by calling

the routine overlay(n) where n is the number of the overlay to be

made resident.

















The PCCL Object File Linker Page 26







For memory-based overlays instead of disk-based overlays, do not

call the overlay_init() routine and call the routine moverlay()

in place of the routine overlay().



In the following example the root is composed of the file X.C.

The first overlay is the file Y.C and the second overlay is in

the file Z.C.





File X.C:

main() {

overlay_init("X.OV"); /* initialize */

puts("this is the root program\n");

overlay(1); /* make 1st overlay resident */

zip(); /* call into 1st overlay */

overlay(2); /* make the second resident */

zap(); /* call into second overlay */

puts("bye\n");

}



File Y.C:

zip() {

puts(" this is ZIP ");

}



File Z.C:

zap() {

puts(" this is ZAP ");

}





The files are compiled in the usual fashion:



PCC x

PCC y

PCC z



Ordinarily, the files would be linked together using the command:



pccl x y z



Instead, to create the two overlays, the command:



pccl x -V1 y -V2 z



is used. The -V option is followed by the overlay number. This

number starts at 1 and runs in ascending order up to 39. All

files following the -V or the -M option are included in the

overlay. All library modules (from .S files) are included in the

root. The result from the execution of the PCCL program with the

-V option is the executable root (.EXE) file and the overlay

(.OV) file which contains the overlays. The result with the -M

option is an .EXE file containing both the root and the overlays.



















The PCCL Object File Linker Page 27





The -P option of PCCL will also display the size of each overlay

as well as the overlay for each symbol.





6.6. Libraries



Libraries are just concatenated .O files. The .S extension tells

PCCL to only include modules that are referenced. If all of the

routines in a library are required, rename the .S file to a .O

file to force all of the modules in the library to be included.



PCCL includes the entire .O module from a library if any of its

public names have been selected by other object modules processed

by PCCL. Thus, if a .O file contains several functions, all of

them will be bound into a program if any of them are called.



PCCL searches a library once. Thus if you have two modules, A

and B, and A calls B , the B must follow A in the library. LIB88

attempts to order the library so that these inter-library

references are ordered so that PCCL will find them. One way

around any circular dependencies (e.g., B also calls A ) is to

include the library twice on the command line.



















































































The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 28





7. The PCCS.S Standard Library



7.1. Introduction



This section describes the standard library, PCCS.S, for the

PCC C compiler and PCCA assembler. This library includes

routines similar to routines available in UNIX with some

inevitable differences due to the MS-DOS Operating System.



All of the routines are in the PCCS.S library file provided on

the distribution disk. This file must be on the default

drive/directory, in a directory listed in the PATH system

parameter, or on the drive/directory referred to by the '-L'

option for PCCL to execute correctly.



There is a PCC7.S library that has the same functions as the

PCCS.S libarary but assumes the availability of the 8087 math

chip to perform the floating-point operations. To use the 8087,

rename PCC7.S to PCCS.S.



7.2. Names



Public names starting with the underline character ('_') are

reserved for PCC internal routines and should be avoided. Names

of this form are also employed for user callable routines such as

_move() whose names might conflict with user names.



PCC automatically appends the underline character ('_') to the

end of public names to avoid conflicts with assembly language

reserved words. PCCA does not do this so the underline must be

manually appended to publics used to link with code generated by

PCC. For example, the C puts() routine should be referred to as

puts_ from assembler. PCCL ignores the case of publics, unlike

UNIX, so puts_ matches the name PutS_.



7.3. Program Initialization



PCCL inserts a jmp _csetup as the first executable instruction in

the program. _CSETUP performs the following initialization

functions:



1. sets the data/stack segment size to the lower of: available

memory, 64K, or the size of the static data area plus the PCCL

-S option,

2. Formats argc and argv[] from the Program Segment Prefix,

3. Zeros the Uninitialized Data Area, and

4. Calls main(argc, argv)



Assembly language main programs that require normal

initialization should contain the following



PUBLIC MAIN_

MAIN_:





















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 29





The initialization code will set the SS, DS and SP registers so

that there is the largest possible stack unless the PCCL '-S'

option is used to restrict the stack size. The stack grows

towards the unitialized data area. The figure below shows the

memory layout after the initialization code has run:



+-------------------+

| Stack |

+-------------------+<- SP,BP

| |

/ Heap /

+-------------------+<- _memory()

| Un-Init Data |

+-------------------+

| Init Data |

+-------------------+<- DS,SS

| Code |

+-------------------+<- CS

| PSP |

+-------------------+



Fig. 7-1: Initial Memory Layout



The memory between the end of the uninitialized area and the

stack is not normally used by PCC or the program (unless the

program needs an inordinate amount of stack). This area is

considered to be free memory. This memory area can be accessed

directly by using the _memory() and _showsp() routines to

calculate its extent. Another way to access this memory is to

use the malloc() routine. Do not use both methods. Remember to

leave enough space for the stack to grow.



The -A option of PCCL inhibits the call to _csetup. Execution

commences with the first instruction of the first filename

specified to PCCL. On entry, the registers have the following

values:



CS Address of Code Segment. Execution starts at CS:0.

SS Address of Data Segment.

ES,DS Address of Program Segment Prefix

SP Stack size set by PCCL



The source code for _csetup is in the file ISETUP.A.



7.4. Calling Conventions



Arguments to a function are pushed on the stack, rightmost

argument first. It is the responsibility of the calling function

to clean up the stack. For example



int i;



zip(i, 6);





















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 30





would generate the following code



mov ax,6

push ax

push word i_

public zip_

call zip_

add sp,4



The word modifier is required because PCC allocates two bytes for

ints. The add sp,4 removes the two words that were pushed as

parameters to zip_. Note the PCC appended '_' on names. If

there had been no local variables defined in the function, the

clean-up code would have been



mov sp,bp



which is faster.



Data is pushed on the stack as follows:





char pushed as a word, with high-order byte set to zero



mov AL,data_

mov AH,0

push AX



int pushed as a word

unsigned

push WORD data_



long pushed with least-significant word pushed last



push WORD data_[2]

push WORD data_[0]



float Changed to double and pushed with least-significant

word pushed last



mov si,offset data_

PUBLIC _FLOADE ; load float

call _FLOADE

PUBLIC _FPUSH ; push double

call _FPUSH



double pushed with least-significant word pushed last



push WORD data_[6]

push WORD data_[4]

push WORD data_[2]

push WORD data_[0]























The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 31





struct push (sizeof(struct) + 1) >> 1 words, with least-

significant word pushed last.



mov cx,nn ; size in words

sub sp,cx ; make room on stack

mov di,sp ; target

mov si,offset data_ ; source

mov ax,ds ; setup

mov es,ax ; es

cld ; set direction up

rep movsw ; copy to stack





7.5. LIBRARY CONVENTIONS



Called functions are responsible for preserving CS, DS, SS, SP,

and BP across the function call. All other registers need not be

maintained. The usual preamble for a called function is



PUBLIC fname_

fname_:

push bp ; save old frame pointer

mov bp,sp ; establish local frame



For functions that don't return structures, parameters begin in

the local frame at [bp+4], and continue upward based on the size

of each parameter. Thus for the fragment



blip(x, y, z)

int x;

long y;

double z;



the parameters would be referenced in Assembler as



mov cx,WORD [bp+4] ; x_

mov ax,WORD [bp+6] ; lsw of y_

mov dx,WORD [bp+8] ; msw of y_

lea si,[bp+10] ; addr of z_



For functions that do return structures, [bp+4] contains a

pointer to where the structure should be returned. So if the

above fragment was



struct foo blip(x, y, z)



the parameters would be



mov cx,WORD [bp+06] ; x_

mov ax,WORD [bp+08] ; lsw of y_

mov dx,WORD [bp+10] ; msw of y_

lea si,[bp+12] ; addr of z_























The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 32





Local variables are allocated below the current frame pointer,

regardless of what the function returns, so that the fragment



{

int aa[2];

long b;



would be referenced as



sub sp,8 ; allocate space for locals

mov ax,[bp-4] ; aa_[1]

mov dx,[bp-8] ; msw b_



The standard exit sequence is



mov sp,bp ; reclaim any local space

pop bp ; old frame pointer

ret ; caller will clean up stack



Values are returned from functions as followings:



char returned in AX. char values are returned in AL

with AH

int set to zero

unsigned



long returned in DX:AX. (AX contains lsw)



double returned on floating point stack (s/w or 8087).

float



struct returned to address in [bp+4]



7.6. Disk Input/Output Routines



In this implementation of C I/O, procedures like getc() are

functions rather than macros and a file identifier FILE is simply

an integer containing the file number rather than a pointer to a

structure. This change means that read() and getc() calls may be

intermingled and there is little difference between open() and

fopen() on a file.



In UNIX there is a distinction between file and stream I/O.

Crudely stated, the functions that have 'f' as their first letter

(fopen(), fread() etc.) deal with streams, and other primitives

(open(), read() etc.) access files. These two forms of I/O are

compatible -- fopen() may be used to open a file a file and then

read() used to read it -- but it is best to use either the stream

or file primitives only for a particular file for portability.

The FILE type is defined in the stdio.h include file and is

simply an int type. This int contains the file number, the same

number returned by open() and creat(). To use the stream

routines with a file opened with the open(), merely pass the file

number.



















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 33





The stream style of I/O primitives are: fopen() to open a file,

fread(), fgets() or fgetc() [getc()] to read, fwrite(), fputs()

or fputc() [putc()] to write, fseek() to seek, fflush() to write

out internal buffers, and fclose() to close.



The file type I/O primitives are: open(), creat(), read(),

write(), lseek(), and close().



The maximum number of files that can be open at one time is

either 20, or the number specified in CONFIG.SYS, whichever is

less. See section 2.3 for details about CONFIG.SYS. New files

are creat()'d and old files are open()'d.



A closed file may be rename()'d or unlink()'d (deleted).



Three predefined file numbers may be used to read from or write

to the console. To use them, include the following defines in

the program:



#define stdin 0

#define stdout 1

#define stderr 2





7.7. Math Routines



If any of the transcendental or sqrt() functions are used,

include the file math.h or the equivalent declarations to specify

them as returning double's.



math.h includes the statement



extern int errno;



errno is set to a non-zero value: on floating point stack errors,

if an argument to a math routine is out of range, or if the

result of a math routine would under/overflow. Error codes and

names (defined in math.h) are:



30 ESTK F/P stack overflow. The most probable cause is calling

a function that returns a double without declaring it

as such to the compiler. After eight calls, the f/p

stack will be full.



33 EDOM invalid argument, i.e., sqrt(-1.0).



34 ERANGE invalid arg size, i.e., asin(2.0).



The function rerrno() is called by the floating point routines

whenever an error is detected. rerrno() prints out an

appropriate error message and calls exit(). In order to bypass

this effect, install the following function in your program



rerrno() {;} /* null function to suppress printing */



















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 34





7.8. IBM-PC Screen and Keyboard Interface



A number of functions have been written to simplify the interface

between C programs and the IBM-PC and its clones. These routines

are not in the standard PCCS.S library but are distributed in

source form in the file PCIO.A. To use these routines, they must

be assembled and bound in. For example:



A>asm88 b:pcio

A>bind b:blip b:pcio



See the comments in the IBM Technical Reference Manual for

details on the BIOS interface used by PCIO.





7.9. Standard Library Functions





7.9.1. abs()



unsigned uval;

int y;



uval = abs(y);



abs returns |y| (absolute value).





7.9.2. atoi()



char *cp;

int ival;



ival = atoi(cp);



atoi converts the char array at cp to its corresponding int

value. The first unrecognized character terminates the

conversion.



WS is either a tab or a space. A digit is an ASCII character '0'

through '9'. [] delimit sequences that can occur zero or one

time. {} delimit sequences that can occur zero or many times.



Valid character Sequences



{WS} [-] {DIGIT}





SEE ALSO:scanf()





























The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 35





NOTES: To guard against int overflow, or large unsigned values

being stored as negative integers, use atol and check that the

high-order word is the same as the high-order bit of the low-

order word.



atoi(str)

char *str; {

long val, atol();

int sign, extn;



extn = (val = atol(str)) >> 16;

sign = val & 0x8000;

if((!sign && extn != 0) || (sign && extn != -1))

overflowErr();

return val;

}





7.9.3. atof()



char *cp;

double dval;



dval = atof(cp);



atof converts the char array at cp to its corresponding double

value. The first unrecognized character terminates the

conversion.



WS is either a tab or a space. A digit is an ASCII character '0'

through '9'. E is either an ASCII 'E' or 'e'. [] delimit

sequences that can occur zero or one time. {} delimit sequences

that can occur zero or many times.



Valid character Sequences



{WS} [-] {digit} ['.'] [{digit} [E [-] {digit}]]



SEE ALSO:scanf()





7.9.4. atol()



char *cp;

long lval, atol();



lval = atol(cp);



atol converts the char array at cp to its corresponding long

value. The first unrecognized character terminates the

conversion.

























The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 36





WS is either a tab or a space. A digit is an ASCII character '0'

through '9'. [] delimit sequences that can occur zero or one

time. {} delimit sequences that can occur zero or many times.



Valid character Sequences



{WS} [-] {DIGIT}





SEE ALSO:scanf()



}





7.9.5. ceil()



#include



double dval, x;



dval = ceil(x);



ceil returns the smallest integer value not less than x.





7.9.6. chain()



char *filename, *commandTail;



chain(filename, commandTail)



chain will load and execute an arbitrary program Q filename is

the complete pathname of the program (including the .EXE or .COM

suffix). commandTail contains the arguments to the program.



chain functions like exec except that control is not returned to

the calling program. chain is in the file EXEC.O, in the

distribution. It should be bound in first to save memory since it

loads the called program immediately behind itself. For example:



A>PCCL EXEC BLIP -OBLIP



NOTE: To invoke a Batch file, or a DOS built-in command, use

COMMAND.COM with the '/c' switch as follows.



chain("\\command.com", "/cxxx");



Where xxx is one of the DOS built-in commands ( 'dir', 'copy',

Remember that two backslashes are required to insert a single

backslash in a string. Invoking COMMAND.COM with no parameters

will start another DOS shell. To return type



exit





















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 37





7.9.7. close()



int handle, stat;



stat = close(handle);



close writes any buffered data for the file fp to that file, and

closes the file. Returns -1 if fp is not open, or if an error

occurred writing the buffered data to that file.





7.9.8. creat()



int handle;

char *name;



handle = creat(name)



creat creates the file name and return an int that is used to

reference it in future file operations, or -1 if the file can't

be opened. If the file name already exists, it is deleted before

it is opened.



NOTES: creat opens a file in update mode so that after a file is

written, a program can seek to the begining of the file and read

it without closing the file and reopening it.



Any of the functions can open the console ("CON") or printer

("PRN").





7.9.9. dates()



char *buf;



dates(buf);



dates formats the string buf with the current date as "mm/dd/yy".





7.9.10. doint()



char inum;



extern unsigned _rax, _rbx, _rcx, _rdx, _rsi, _rdi,

_res, _rds;

extern char _carryf, _zerof;



_doint(inum);



_rax - _rds contain the values of the corresponding 8088 internal

registers that are loaded and saved by _doint . _carryf is the

carry flag; _zerof is the zero flag





















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 38





_doint will cause a software interrupt and may be used to call

whatever routines are available in the particular machine. If

_rds is set to -1, the current value of the DS register is used.



NOTE: The following example, on an IBM-PC, would use interrupt

10H to print the string.



extern unsigned _rax, _rbx, _rds;

extern char _carryf;

char str[] = "Hello There!!";

int i;



for (i = 0; i < sizeof(str); i++) {

_rax = (14 << 8) + str[i];

_rbx = 0;

_rds = -1;

_doint(0x10);

}





7.9.11. exec()



char *filename, *commandTail, Code;



Code = exec(filename, commandTail)



exec will load and execute an arbitrary program. Filename is the

complete pathname of the program (including the .EXE or .COM

suffix). commandTail contains the arguments to the program.

exec will return the completion code from the program or -1 if an

error occurred loading the program. exec is in the EXEC.O file

provided in the distribution.



NOTE: Completion codes are set for programs running under MS-DOS

2.0 or later versions of the operating system. If a program

exits with



exit(n);



the system ERRORLEVEL will be set to n. A program that returns

from the main function other than by exit()sets ERRORLEVEL to

zero. ERRORLEVEL can be tested with the DOS batch file IF

command. See the section under 'BATCH' in the IBM 2.xx DOS

manual for details on the IF command.



To invoke a Batch file, or a DOS built-in command, use

COMMAND.COM with the '/c' switch as follows.



exec("\\command.com", "/cxxx");



Where xxx is one of the DOS built-in commands ( 'dir', 'copy',

Remember that two backslashes are required to insert a single

backslash in a string. Invoking COMMAND.COM with no parameters

will start another DOS shell. To return type

exit

















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 39







PCC normally allocates a stack as large as possible. This is not

desirable when using exec , as little memory may be left for the

second program. The -Shhhh option of the PCCL program should be

used to reduce the size of the stack and consequently the size of

the program. Remember that the hhhh value of the option is in

hex and that it must be large enough for all parameters and

locals active at one time. An extra 0x100 (256) bytes should

also be added for any system calls.





7.9.12. exit()



char Code;



exit(Code)



exit terminates the program with completion code Code. A main()

procedure can also exit with a completion code of zero by

returning or by "falling" through the end of the procedure.



NOTE: Completion codes are set for programs running under MS-DOS

2.0 or later versions of the operating system. If a program

exits with



exit(n);



the system ERRORLEVEL will be set to n. A program that returns

from the main function other than by exit()sets ERRORLEVEL to

zero. ERRORLEVEL can be tested with the DOS batch file IF

command. See the section under 'BATCH' in the IBM 2.xx DOS

manual for details on the IF command.





7.9.13. exp()



#include



double x, dval, exp(), exp10();



dval = exp(x);

dval = exp10(x);



exp returns the exponential function of x; exp10 returns the

base 10 exponent.



NOTE: exp returns a very large value when the result would

overflow; errno is set to ERANGE. ERANGE is defined in math.h.































The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 40





7.9.14. fabs()



#include



double dval, x;



dval = fabs(x);



fabs returns |x| (absolute value).





7.9.15. fclose()



#include

FILE *fp;

int stat;



stat = fclose(fp);



fclose writes any buffered data for the file fp to that file, and

closes the file. Returns -1 if fp is not open, or if an error

occurred writing the buffered data to that file.





7.9.16. fgetc()



#include

FILE *fp;

int data;



data = fgetc(fp)



fgetc returns the next character from the file fp, or -1 if an

error, or end of file was sensed.



SEE ALSO: scanf(), fread()





7.9.17. fgets()



#include

FILE *fp;

char *cp, buf[], *fgets();

int len;



cp = fgets(buf, len, fp);



fgets reads the next line, but not more than len - 1 characters

from the file fp into buf. The last character read into buf is

followed by a zero. fgets returns buf, or 0 on end of file or an

error.



SEE ALSO: fscanf(), fread()



NOTE: fgets returns the CR character.

















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 41





7.9.18. floor()



#include



double dval, x;



dval = floor(x);



floor returns the largest integer value not greater than x.





7.9.19. fopen()



#include

FILE *fp;

char *name, *method;



fp = fopen(name, method)



fopen opens the file name and returns an FILE pointer that

identifies the file in future file operations. Returns NULL

if the file can't be opened.



method is a char string having one of the following values: "r" =

open for reading,"w" = open for writing, "a" = open for append --

open for writing at end of file, or create for writing.



NOTES: fopen for read access is the same as open for update;

write access is the same as creat for the file; append causes a

seek to the end of an existing file, or the creation of a new

file as required.



Any of the functions can open the console ("CON") or printer

("PRN").





7.9.20. fputc()



#include

FILE *fp;

char ch;

int data;



data = fputc(ch, fp);



fputc writes ch to the file fp. fp must have been opened

prior to the call. The functions return ch, or -1 on error.



SEE ALSO: printf(), fwrite()





























The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 42





7.9.21. fputs()



#include

FILE *fp;

char buf[];

int err;



err = fputs(buf, fp);



fputs copies the null terminated string buf to the file fp.

fputs returns a -1 on error.



SEE ALSO: fprintf()



NOTE: On output, linefeed ('\n') is converted to carriage return

- linefeed ('\r\n').





7.9.22. frand()



double dval;



dval = frand();



frand returns the next pseudo-random number in the range from

0.0 to 1.0.





7.9.23. fscanf()



#include

FILE *fp;

char fcs[];

int num;



num = fscanf(fp, fcs [, ptr ] ... );



fscanf reads from the file fp.



Returns the number of items successfully scanned or -1 on end of

input or error.



See scanf() for a how it works.





7.9.24. getc()



#include

FILE *fp;

int data;



data = getc(fp)



getc return the next character from the file fp, or -1 if an

error, or end of file was sensed.

















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 43







NOTE: getc is a function rather than the usual macro.



getchar() will hangup reading redirected input under DOS 2.X and

higher. Use getc(stdin) if the input could be redirected.



SEE ALSO: scanf(), fread()





7.9.25. getchar()





int data;



data = getchar();



getchar returns the next character from stdin, or -1 if an

error, end of file, or a CTRL-Z was found.



NOTE: getchar is a function rather than the usual macro.



getchar() will hangup reading redirected input under DOS 2.X and

higher. Use getc(stdin) if the input could be redirected.



SEE ALSO: scanf(), fread()





7.9.26. gets()



char *cp, buf[], *gets();

int len, size;



cp = gets(buf);

len = _gets(buf, size);



gets obtains a line-edited string from the console (stdin) into

buf. During input, means backup and start over,

means delete the previous character and

means end of string. is replaced in buf by a zero.

gets returns its argument, or 0 on end of file or an error.



_gets obtains not more than size - 1 characters from the console

into buf. Editing proceeds as with gets. _gets returns the

number of characters obtained, or 0 on end of file or an error.



SEE ALSO: fscanf(), fread()



NOTE: gets and _gets don't return the CR character































The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 44





7.9.27. getw()



#include

FILE *fp;

int data;



data = getw(fp)



getw returns the next int from the file fp, or -1 if an error, or

end of file was sensed.



SEE ALSO: scanf(), fread()





7.9.28. in()



char ch;

unsigned port, wd;



ch = _inb(port);

wd = _inw(port);



_inb and _inw read the byte ch and word wd, respectively, from

the indicated port.





7.9.29. index()



char *cp, *src, ch;



cp = index(src, ch);



index works on null-terminated strings. There is no test for

overflow.



index returns a pointer to the first occurance of ch in src,

or 0 if ch doesn't occur.





7.9.30. log()



#include



double x, dval, log(), log10();



dval = log(x);

dval = log10(x);



log returns the natural logarithm of x; log10 returns the base

10 logarithm.



NOTE: log and log10 return zero when x is zero or negative;

errno is set to EDOM. EDOM is defined in math.h.





















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 45





7.9.31. lmove()



char *sp, *tp;

unsigned num, sseg, tseg;



_lmove(number, sp, sseg, tp, tseg);



_lmove moves num bytes from the 8088 physical address at

sseg:sp to tseg:tp . For example, to move the color display

frame buffer at address 0xB800:0 to a local buffer ( _showds

provides the C program data segment Q DS)



_lmove(4000, 0, 0xB800, buffer, _showds());



NOTE: _lmove takes advantage of the 8088 instructions for a

fast data move. It handles overlapping moves correctly so that



_lmove(3920, 0, 0xB800, 80, 0xB800);



will move 0xB800:3919 to 0xB800:3999, 0xB800:3918 to 0xB800:3998

etc. rather than propagating 0xB800:0.





7.9.32. longjmp()



#include



int val;

jmp_buf env;



longjmp(env, val);



jmp_buf is defined in . It creates an environment

used by setjmp for future use by longjmp . jmp_buf is defined

as

typedef char jmp_buf[6];



longjmp restores SP, BP, and return address from env and returns

val. val cannot be zero.



NOTE: env can be specified as zero, for compatibility with

previous releases. There can be only one "zero" env active at

any time.



If the environment stored in env points into an overlay area,

then the overlay that called setjmp must be resident when

longjmp is called Q if another overlay is resident, then strange

things will happen. It is best to call setjmp from the root.































The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 46





7.9.33. open()



int handle;

char *name, mode;



handle = open(name, mode)



open opens the file name and returns an int that identifies the

file in future file operations. Returns -1 if the file can't

be opened.



mode is a char having one of the following values: 0 = open for

reading, 1 = open for writing, 2 = open for update, and 3 = open

for reading (CTRLZ indicates EOF).



NOTES: Any of the functions can open the console ("CON") or

printer ("PRN").





7.9.34. os()



char inum, ival;

unsigned arg;



ival = _os(inum, arg);

_doint(inum);

dates(buf);

times(buf);



_os provides an elementary interrupt interface. Under DOS, inum

goes into AH and arg into DX, and an int 21H, is executed. The

value in AL is returned.





7.9.35. out()



char ch;

unsigned port, wd;



_outb(ch, port);

_outw(wd, port);



_outb and _outw write the byte ch and word wd, respectively, of

data out to the indicated port.



7.9.36. peek()



char ch, *sp;

unsigned sseg;





ch = _peek(sp, sseg);



_peek is used to retrieve a byte ch from the 8088 physical

address at sseg:sp .

















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 47





7.9.37. poke()



char ch, *tp;

unsigned tseg;



_poke(ch, tp, tseg);



_poke is used to store the byte ch of data to the 8088 physical

address at tseg:tp .





7.9.38. pow()



#include



double x, y, dval, pow();



dval = pow(x, y);



pow returns x ** y.



NOTE: pow returns a very large value when the result would

overflow; errno is set to ERANGE. pow returns zero and sets

errno to EDOM when the second argument is negative and not

integral, or when both arguments are zero. EDOM and ERANGE are

defined in math.h.







7.9.39. putc()



#include

FILE *fp;

char ch;

int data;



data = putc(ch, fp);



putc writes ch to the file fp . fp must have been opened prior

to the call. The functions return ch, or -1 on error.



SEE ALSO: printf(), fwrite()





7.9.40. putchar()



#include

FILE *fp;

char ch;

int data;



data = putchar(ch);



putchar writes ch to stdout . Linefeed ('\n') is converted to

carriage return - linefeed ('\r\n'). Output will stop if CTRL-S

















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 48





is entered, and resume when any other key is pressed. Each

output will check for a CTRL-C entry, and terminate the program

if it was pressed. putchar returns ch , or -1 on error.



SEE ALSO: printf(), fwrite()



NOTE: putchar is a function rather than the usual macro.





7.9.41. puts()



char buf[];

int err;



err = puts(buf);



puts copies the null terminated string buf to the console

(stdout). puts returns a -1 on error.



SEE ALSO: printf()



NOTE: puts doesn't append a newline.



On output, linefeed ('\n') is converted to carriage return -

linefeed ('\r\n'). Output will stop if CTRL-S is entered, and

resume when any other key is pressed. Each output will check for

a CTRL-C entry, and terminate the program if it was pressed.





7.9.42. putw()



#include

FILE *fp;

int data, w;



data = putw(w, fp);



putw writes the int w to the file fp . fp must have been

opened prior to the call. putw returns w, or -1 on error.



SEE ALSO: printf(), fwrite()



There is no way to distinguish the return from putw(-1, fp) from

an error.





7.9.43. qsort()

char array[];

int num, width, (*compare)();



qsort(array, num, width, compare);



qsort is an implementation of C. A. R. Hoare's quicker-sort

algorithm. It sorts an array of num elements, each width bytes

wide. compare is called with two arguments -- pointers to the

















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 49





two elements being compared, and returns an integer less than,

equal to, or greater than zero accordingly as the first argument

is less than, equal to, or greater than the second argument.



NOTE: The usual function for compare is strcmp(). If you are

sorting anything other than strings, the following may serve as a

model:



int compare(left, right)

int *left, *right; {

return *left - *right;

}



#define TCARD 1024

#define ISIZE sizeof(int)



int itab[TCARD];



qsort(itab, TCARD, ISIZE, compare);



Remember that int, long, float, and double values are stored with

their low-order bytes first. Thus string comparisons may not

produce the expected results.





7.9.44. rand()



int ival;



ival = rand();



rand returns the next pseudo-random number in the range from 0

to 2**15 - 1.





7.9.45. rename()



char *oldFile, *newFile;

int stat;



stat = rename(oldFile, newFile);



rename changes the file name oldFile to newFile. Under DOS 2.X

and higher, oldFile may contain a path specification. Returns -1

if oldFile is open, or if an error is detected.





7.9.46. rindex()



char *cp, *src, ch;



cp = index(src, ch);



rindex works on null-terminated strings. There is no test for

overflow.

















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 50







rindex returns a pointer to the last occurance of ch in src or 0

if ch doesn't occur.





7.9.47. scanf()



char fcs[];

int num;



num = scanf(fcs [, ptr ] ... );





scanf reads from stdin.



Returns the number of items successfully scanned.



The format control string, fcs, contains: blanks or tabs, which

match optional whitespace (blanks, tabs, newlines, formfeeds, and

vertical tabs) in the input; a non-'%' character which must

match the next character in the input, and conversion control

strings which describe the type and format of each *ptr.

Conversion control strings have the following format ([] enclose

optional entries):



%[*][width][parms]code



where: * indicates that the field should be skipped and not

assigned to a *ptr , width specifies the maximum field size in

bytes. Both parms and code are described below. The examples

have the following form:



| input string | . function call . result



Character: %[*][width]c

String: %[*][width]s



width specifies the number of characters to be read into the

array at *ptr . The default is 1. 'c' whitespace is not

skipped, 's' whitespace is.



| abc| . scanf("%3c", buf) . | a|

| abc| . scanf("%3s", buf) . |abc|



Integer: %[*][width][size]code



size equal to 'l' (lowercase 'L') specifies that *ptr point to

a long, a 'h' specifies a short int .































The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 51





code is one of: 'd' Q signed decimal format, 'u' Q unsigned

decimal format, 'o' Q unsigned octal, and 'x' Q unsigned

hexadecimal.



| FF | . scanf("%x", &hex) . 255

| 377 | . scanf("%o", &oct) . 255

| 255 | . scanf("%u", &uns) . 255

|-255 | . scanf("%ld", &lng) . -255L



Floating Point: %[*][width][size]code



size equal to 'l' (lowercase 'L') specifies that *ptr points to

a double rather than a float.



code can be either 'e', 'f', or 'g' Q they all indicate floating

point.



| 123.45 | . scanf("%f", %flt) . 123.45

| 123.45 | . scanf("%4lf%d", &d, &i) . 123.0 45





Scanset: %[*][width]scanset



scanset is specified by a sequence of characters enclosed by

brackets '[' ']'. It reads a string, including the terminating

null character. Leading whitespace is not skipped.



|123 ABC| . scanf("%[123 ]", str) . |123 |



A range of contiguous characters can be specified by the first

and last element of the range, separated by a '-'.



|123 ABC| . scanf("%[1-3 ]", str) . |123 |



If the first element of scanset is a '^', then all characters

except those specified will be read.



|123 ABC| . scanf("%[^A-C]", str) . |123 |



To specify '-' or ']' in a scanset , specify it as the first

element. Thus to read an integer, skip any interviening garbage,

and read another integer



scanf("%d%*[^-+0-9]%d", &dig1, &dig2);







































The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 52





7.9.48. scr_aputs()



char *str, attr;



scr_aputs(str, attr);



scr_aputs writes string str to the display with attribute attr.

'\r' moves to the begining of the line, and '\n' moves to the

next line. Moving off the bottom line causes scrolling.



NOTE: scr_aputs is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.49. scr_ci()



char ch;



ch = scr_ci();



scr_ci is like ci() but uses its own translation table for

command characters. It returns the next character from the input

queue.



NOTE: scr_ci is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.50. scr_co()



char ch;



scr_co(ch);

scr_co is the same as co() -- it writes a single character out to

the screen.



NOTE: scr_co is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.51. scr_clr()



scr_clr();



scr_clr erases the entire screen and sets the cursor to the home,

(0,0) location.



NOTE: scr_clr is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.52. scr_clrl()



scr_clrl();



scr_clrl erases everything from the cursor location to the end of

the line.



NOTE: scr_clrl is in the file PCIO.A.

















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 53





7.9.53. scr_cls()



scr_cls();



scr_cls erases everything from the cursor location to the end of

the screen.



NOTE: scr_cls is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.54. scr_csts()



char ch;



ch = scr_csts();



scr_csts returns the next character from the queue, or 0 if no

character is available. If a character is present, it is

equivalent to a csts() followed by a ci().



NOTE: scr_csts is in the file PCIO.A.



Function keys return a zero.





7.9.55. scr_cursoff()



scr_cursoff();



scr_cursoff turns the cursor off.



NOTE: scr_cursoff is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.56. scr_curson()



scr_curson();



scr_curson turns the cursor on.



NOTE: scr_curson is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.57. scr_rowcol()



int trow, tcol;



scr_rowcol(trow, tcol);



scr_rowcol moves the cursor to row trow and column tcol.



NOTE: scr_rowcol is in the file PCIO.A.























The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 54





7.9.58. scr_scdn()



scr_scdn();



scr_scdn scrolls the screen down one line, but leaves the top two

lines alone.



NOTE: scr_scdn is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.59. scr_scrdn()



int lines, frow, fcol, trow, tcol;



scr_scrdn(lines, frow, fcol, trow, tcol);



scr_scrdn scrolls the given area down lines. The area is defined

by the character locations (frow, fcol), (trow, tcol).



NOTE: scr_scrdn is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.60. scr_scrup()



int lines, frow, fcol, trow, tcol;



scr_scrup(lines, frow, fcol, trow, tcol);



scr_scrup scrolls the area up lines. The area is defined by the

character locations (frow, fcol), (trow, tcol).



NOTE: scr_scup is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.61. scr_scup()



scr_scup();



scr_scup scrolls the screen up one line, but leaves the top two

lines alone.



NOTE: scr_scup is in the file PCIO.A.





7.9.62. scr_setmode()



char newMode;



scr_setmode(newMode);



scr_setmode sets the mode of the color card. newMode must be

between 0 and 6.



NOTE: scr_setmode is in the file PCIO.A.



















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 55





scr_setmode manages the following global data.



char scr_cols; /* number of character positions */

char scr_rows; /* number of lines */

char scr_mode; /* current screen mode:

0 = 40 col. BW

1 = 40 col. color

2 = 80 col. BW

3 = 80 col. color

4 = 320 x 200 color graphics

5 = 320 x 200 BW graphics

6 = 640 x 200 BW graphics

7 = 80 col. BW */

char scr_page; /* current active display page */

char scr_attr; /* current character attribute.

Normally 7 for white on black but

can be set for any attributes

see Technical Reference Manual */





7.9.63. scr_setup()



scr_setup();



scr_setup must be called prior to any of the screen routines if

the screen is currently in 80 column mode or if scr_curson with a

monochrome display is used.



NOTE: scr_setup is in the file PCIO.A.



scr_setup manages the same data as scr_setmode.





7.9.64. scr_sinp()



char ch;



ch = scr_sinp();



scr_sinp returns the character under the cursor on the screen.



NOTE: scr_sinp is in the file PCIO.A.











































The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 56





7.9.65. setjmp()



#include



int val;

jmp_buf env;



val = setjmp(env);



jmp_buf is defined in . It creates an environment

used by setjmp for future use by longjmp . jmp_buf is defined

as

typedef char jmp_buf[6];



setjmp saves the current SP, BP, and return address in env. It

returns a zero.



NOTE: env can be specified as zero, for compatibility with

previous releases. There can be only one "zero" env active at

any time.



If the environment stored in env points into an overlay area,

then the overlay that called setjmp must be resident when

longjmp is called -- if another overlay is resident, then

strange things will happen. It is best to call setjmp from the

root.



setjmp's caller can tell by the returned value if control was

returned from setjmp(0), or from longjmp(!=0).





7.9.66. sqrt()



#include



double x, dval, sqrt();



dval = sqrt(x);



sqrt returns the square root of x.



NOTE: sqrt returns zero when x is negative; errno is set to EDOM.

EDOM is defined in math.h.







7.9.67. srand()



int seed;



srand(seed);



srand sets the seed for the multiplicative congruential random

number generator to seed .



















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 57





NOTE: The initial seed for the generator is a long. srand only

sets the low order word, so the initial generator cannot be

restarted. Solution: seed the generator with your own integer

before any calls to rand or frand .





7.9.68. sscanf()



char fcs[], buf[];



num = sscanf(buf, fcs [, ptr ] ... );



sscanf reads from the string buf.



Returns the number of items successfully scanned.



See scanf() for a how it works.





7.9.69. strcat()



char *cp, *src, *dst;



cp = strcat(dst, src);



strcat works on null-terminated strings. There is no test for

overflow.



strcat appends a copy of src to the end of dst.



Returns dst .





7.9.70. strcmp()



char *s1, *s2;

int cmp;



cmp = strcmp(s1, s2);



strcmp works on null-terminated strings. There is no test for

overflow.



strcmp compares the two strings and returns +1, 0, or -1

accordingly as s1 is lexically greater than, equal to, or less

than s2.



7.9.71. strcpy()



char *cp, *src, *dst;



cp = strcpy(dst, src);



strcpy works on null-terminated strings. There is no test for

overflow.

















The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 58





strcpy copies src to dst , stopping after the null byte has been

transfered.



Returns dst .





7.9.72. strlen()



char *src;

unsigned len;



len = strlen(src);



strlen works on null-terminated strings. There is no test for

overflow.



strlen returns the number of non-null characters in src.





7.9.73. strncat()



char *cp, *src, *dst;

unsigned max;



cp = strncat(dst, src, max);



strncat works on null-terminated strings. There is no test for

overflow.



strncat appends, at most, max bytes of src to the end of dst.



Returns dst .





7.9.74. strncmp()



char *s1, *s2;

int cmp;


unsigned max;



cmp = strncmp(s1, s2, max);



strncmp works on null-terminated strings. There is no test for

overflow.



strncmp compares, at most, max bytes of the two strings and

returns +1, 0, or -1 accordingly as s1 is lexically greater than,

equal to, or less than s2.































The PCCS.S Standard Library Page 59





7.9.75. strncpy()



char *cp, *src, *dst;

unsigned len;



cp = strncpy(dst, src, len);



strncpy works on null-terminated strings. There is no test for

overflow.



strncpy copies exactly len bytes, from src to dst truncating or

null-padding as required; dst may not be null-terminated if the

strlen(src) >= len.



Returns dst .





7.9.76. times()



char *buf;



times(buf);



times formats the string buf with the current time as "hh-mm-ss"





7.9.77. ungetc()



#include

FILE *fp;

char ch;

int data;



data = ungetc(ch, fp)



ungetc pushes the character ch back onto the file fp. The next

call to getc or fgetc will return ch. ungetc returns ch, or -1

if it can't push the character back. fseek clears all pushed

characters. EOF (-1) can't be pushed.





7.9.78. unlink()



char *oldFile;

int stat;



stat = unlink(oldFile);



unlink deletes the file oldFile. Under DOS 2.X and higher,

oldFile may contain a path specification. Returns -1 if oldFile

doesn't exist, is open, or if an error is detected.

























Messages Page 60





A. Messages



A.1. PCC Compiler Messages



A.1.1. Banner and Termination Messages



>PCC V2.1c Copyright Mark DeSmet 1989

end of PCC 001A code 0012 data 1% utilization



OR



>PCC V2.1c Copyright Mark DeSmet 1989

(various error messages)



Number of Warnings = 2 Number of Errors = 5



The first form of termination means the compile was successful.

The 'code' number is in hex and tells how many bytes of code were

produced. The 'data' number is similar and tells how many bytes

of data were produced. The utilization percentage is the worst

case of a number of compiler limits. If it nears 100% it usually

means that the largest procedure should be broken into smaller

procedures.



The second form means the compile failed. Error messages are

explained in the following section. If any errors were detected,

the compiler will stop trying to generate code and will stop as

soon as all the source has been read. This 'syntax check' mode

is fast and allows the programmer to correct the program with a

minimum of delay. If only warnings were detected, but no errors,

compilation will end normally and produce a .O file.





A.1.2. Messages



PCC produces four categories of messages: fatal errors, errors,

warnings and errors detected by the assembler. Fatal errors are

usually caused by I/O errors but compiler errors are also in this

category. When a fatal error is detected, the compiler will

print a message and quit. Errors are caused by syntax errors.

PCC reports all such errors and then quits. Warnings are

produced by correctable errors and the compiler continues. Since

the compiler uses PCCA as pass 3, assembler detected errors are

possible but rare. When they occur, the object module will not

be usable.



It is easy to tell the category of an error. After a fatal

error, the compiler stops without printing a termination message.

Errors and warnings have a distinctive format which includes the

word 'error' or 'warning'. Assembler errors print the assembler

line that was found offensive.





A.1.2.1. PCC Fatal Errors



















Messages Page 61





The pass 2 fatal errors like 'bad expression' are compiler

errors, but the error is usually in not detecting the problem in

pass 1 and printing a reasonable message. If you get one of

these errors, please send your program to C Ware, but you can

probably find and eliminate the statement that caused the

problem. Don't be frightened by seeing these errors listed; you

will probably never see any of them.



bad expression - this indicates a compiler error. Printed by

pass 2.





bad GOTO target - attempt to goto something other than a label.



break/case/continue/default not in switch - a case or default

statement must be within a switch. A break

statement must be in a while or do..while or for

or switch. A continue statement must be in a

while or do..while or for statement.



cannot address - illegal use of '&' operator. Printed in pass

2.



cannot close - the file could not be closed. An I/O

error occurred.



cannot create - the named file could not be created. The

name is a temporary name or the name of the

object or assembler file. This message usually

means the drive is full (see 'T' option).



cannot open - the named source or include file could not

be found.



cannot read - the named file could not be read. Usually

means an I/O error was detected.



cannot unlink - the temporary could not be deleted. An

I/O error occurred.



cannot write - the named file could not be written. An I/O

error was detected. Usually means the disk drive

is out of space.



error in register allocation - compiler error in pass 2.



divide by zero - a constant expression evaluated to a divide by

zero. Should never happen.



function too big - a function is too big for the compiler. The

'Utilization' number reflects this limit so there

is normally plenty of warning. The solution is

to break large procedures into smaller ones.



illegal initialization for - only constant expressions and

















Messages Page 62





addresses plus or minus constant expressions can

be used in initialization and the initialization

must make sense. For example



int a=b+2;



this error is fatal because it is not discovered

until pass 2.



no cases - a switch must have at least one case.



no input file - PCC must be followed by the name of the source

file when invoked.



out of memory - the compiler ran out of symbol space. The

'utilization' numbers warn when a program is

about to exceed this or any other compiler limit.

The compiler can use up to 100K, so adding memory

may be a solution. If not, the only remedy is

the painful surgery required to reduce the total

number of externals and locals defined at one

time.



pushed - compiler error in pass 2 code generation. It

can be eliminated by simplifying the expression.



too many cases - currently, a switch statement can only contain

128 case statements.





too many fors/too many whiles - whiles, do-whiles, switches and

for statements can only be nested 10 deep.



stuck - same as 'pushed'.



too many externals - the compiler currently has a limit of 500

static's or extern's.





A.1.2.2. PCC Errors



Errors are printed with the following format:



23 if (i < 99 $$ {

error:Need ()



Or, if the error was detected in an include file:



23 if (i < 99 $$ {

file: error:Need ()



The number preceding the source line is the line number. To find

the line , edit the file and issue the command 'nnnJ' where nnn

is the number of the reported line.



















Messages Page 63





The '$$' shows how far into the line the compiler was before the

error was detected. For example, the '$$' will print immediately

BEFORE an undefined variable.



If you get a lot of errors on a compile, don't panic. A trivial

error probably caused the compiler to become confused. Correct

the first few errors and re-compile.



bad control - the # control is illegal.



bad declaration - the declaration of a variable was illegal.



bad include - the #include must be followed by "name" or

.





bad label - a colon is not preceded by a label name.



bad member declare - the declaration of a member is illegal.



bad member storage - an attempt was made to declare a member

static or external. Members have the storage

type of their struct or union.



bad parameter declare - an illegal declaration of an argument or

the name of the argument was spelled differently

in the procedure heading and in the declaration.



bad statement - illegal statement.



defines too deep - #define may reference another, but there is a

limit. When #defines are expanded, the number of

active #defines plus the number of #define

arguments referenced by each cannot exceed 30.



duplicate argument - an attempt was made to declare an argument

twice.



duplicate label - two labels have the same name.



EOF within comment - end of file was found inside a comment. A

'*/' is missing.



field needs constant - the size of a bit field must be a constant

expression with a value of 1 to 16.



illegal address - attempt to use the '&' (take address of)

operator on something that is not a lvalue.

'&44' will generate this error. An address can

only be taken of a variable, procedure, string or

label.





illegal define - a #define has unmatched parenthesis or the

#define parameters are illegally specified.

















Messages Page 64







illegal external declaration - caused both by an illegal data or

procedure declaration and improperly nested

braces. If the line is supposed to be part of a

procedure (e.g. i=0;), the latter is the case.

Check that every '{' outside of a comment or

quoted string has a matching '}'. Note: a prior

error may have caused the compiler to lose track

of a '{'.



illegal indirection - caused by trying to use a char, int,

unsigned, float or double as a pointer. longs

can be used as pointers but the other types

cannot.



include nesting too deep - includes can only be nested three deep



illegal use of float - floating point numbers cannot be used as

pointers.



line must be constant - a #line control must be followed by a

decimal constant.



line too long - the maximum line length is 128.



missing ";", "(", ")", "[", "]", "{", "}", ":", "|" - the

indicated "" character is needed at this point. A

multitude of errors can cause these messages.

The error might be fixed by sticking in the

indicated character where the '$$' prints, but

the item following the '$$' could be illegal.



missing ' - a character constant (e.g. 'A','TEXT') can only

contain one to four characters.



missing argument - the argument list of a call had two adjacent

commas.



missing arguments - a #define was defined with arguments but used

without arguments.



missing dimension - an array dimension was missing in an

expression or statement. Either int x[][]; or

x[]=1;.



missing end of #asm - an #asm block was not ended with a #.



missing expression - an expression is needed here. An example of

a missing expression is i=;.



missing operand - an operator without an operand was found. An

example of a missing operand is ++;



missing while - a 'do ... while' is missing the ending 'while'.



















Messages Page 65





must return float - a float or double function must end with a

return statement that returns a value.



Note: The compiler is too stupid to accept.



double x(){if (1) return 1.;}.



need () - the expression following an 'if' or 'switch' or

'while' was not surrounded by parenthesis.



need '{' for STRUCT initialization - the initial values used to

initialize a structure must be surrounded by

braces.



need constant - a 'case' prefix must be followed by an integer

constant expression.



need constant after #if - a #if control must be followed by a

constant expression.



need label - a goto must reference a label.



need lval - a lvalue is needed here. An lvalue is, roughly,

something that can be changed with an assignment.

The statement: 2=4; will produce this error.



need member - the '.' or '->' operators were followed by

something other than a member name.



need structure - the name prior to a '.' operator is not the

name of a struct or union.



not an identifier - #ifdef, #ifndef and #undef controls must

reference a #define value;.



not defined - #undef controls must reference a #define

value;.



only STATIC and EXTERN allowed at this level - an attempt was

made to declare an 'auto' outside of a procedure.



parameters cannot span lines - the arguments to a #define must

all be on the same line.



return lacks argument - if a function is declared as returning a

value then "return;" is illegal. Use "return 0;"

if the value is unimportant.



sorry, must have dimension for locals - the compiler does not


accept char a[]={1,2,3}; and similar for auto

variables. Declare the variable static or

include an explicit dimension.



sorry, no string initialization of AUTO - the compiler cannot

accept char a[]="abc"; and similar for auto

















Messages Page 66





variables. Declare the variable static if

possible, otherwise use _move.



string too long - a string cannot exceed 200 characters. Usually

means that a '"' is missing.



undefined structure - a pointer to an undefined structure cannot

be added to.



unknown control - the word following a '#' is not a control word.

'#while' would cause this error.



unmatched " - either the end of line or end of file was found

in a string. Usually means that a " is missing.

if your string is too long for one line, continue

with a \ (backslash) at the end of a line and

continue in column one of the next. If you want

a new line in a string, use \n.



wrong number of arguments - a #define was used with the wrong

number of arguments.





A.1.2.3. PCC Warnings



There are currently only two warnings. Warnings indicate

suspicious code that is probably OK.



conflicting types - an external or static was declared twice with

different types. Usually caused by an include

file declaring a variable incorrectly or by a

program such as:



main() {

char ch;



ch=zipit();

}



char zipit(ch)

char ch; {



return ch;

}



the call of zipit implicitly declares it to be a

function returning an integer. The line 'char

zipit(ch)' would be flagged as an error. The fix

is to include:



char zipit();



above the call so the function is declared

correctly before use.



















Messages Page 67





undefined variable - the variable has not been defined. It is

assumed to be an auto int.







A.1.2.4. PCCA Errors ( from PCC Execution )



In theory, any PCCA error message can be produced by a PCC

compile gone bonkers but I have only seen the 'cannot write

' errors caused by lack of disk space.









A.2. PCCA Assembler Messages



A.2.1. Banner and Termination Messages



>PCCA 8088 Assembler V1.3 (c) Mark DeSmet, 1982,83,84,85



(various error messages)



end of PCCA 0016 code 0000 data 1% utilization



The 'code' number is in hex and tells how many bytes of code were

produced. The 'data' number is similar and tells how many bytes

of data were produced. The utilization percentage shows how full

the symbol table was.



Sample of list output:



PCCA Assembler BLIP.A

1 ;TOUPPER.A convert a charcter to upper case

2

3 CSEG

4 PUBLIC TOUPPER

5

6 ; character = toupper(character)

7

0000 5A 8 TOUPPER:POP DX ;RETURN ADDRESS

0001 58 9 POP AX ;CHARACTER

0002 3C61 10 CMP AL,'a' ;IF LOWER THAN 'a'

11 JC TO_DONE ;DO NOTHING

0004 3C7B 12 CMP AL,'z' ;OR IF ABOVE 'z'

13 JNC TO_DONE ;DO NOTHING

0006 2C20 14 SUB AL,'a'-'A' ;ELSE ADJUST

0008 B400 15 TO_DONE:MOV AH,0 ;RETURN AN INT

000A FFE2 16 JMP DX ;RETURN







A.2.2. Messages Produced by PCCA



PCCA prints two categories of messages: fatal errors and errors.

As with PCC, the fatal errors are caused by I/O errors or

















Messages Page 68





similar. Errors are simply syntax errors in using the language.

When a fatal error is detected, PCCA prints a message and stops.

An error does not stop the assembler, but it stops writing the

object module to run faster. If errors are detected, the object

module is never good.





A.2.2.1. Fatal Errors From PCCA



cannot close - the file could not be closed. An I/O error

occurred.



cannot create - the named file could not be created. The

name is a temporary name or the name of the

object or list file. This message usually means

the drive is full (see 'T' option).



cannot open - the named source or include file could not

be found.



cannot read - the named file could not be read. Usually

means an I/O error was detected.



cannot unlink - the temporary file could not be deleted.

An I/O error occurred.



cannot write - the named file could not be written. An I/O

error was detected. Usually means the disk drive

is out of space.



internal error in jump optimization - the assembler became

confused optimizing branches.



no input file - no filename followed the PCCA when invoked.



too many labels - only 1000 names and labels are allowed.



too many symbols - the assembler ran out of symbol space. The

source program should be broken into smaller

modules.







A.2.2.2. Errors from PCCA



Error messages have the form:



44 mov #44,a3

error: illegal mnemonic



or, if the error was found in an include file:




44 mov #44,a3

file:2:SCREEN.A error: illegal mnemonic



















Messages Page 69





The messages are:





address must be in DSEG - address constants can only be in DSEG,

because constants in CSEG are not fixed up at run

time.



bad DS value - a constant expression must follow the DS.



bad include - the correct form for an include statement is:



include "filename"



bad LINE value - the line statement should be followed by a

constant.



cannot label PUBLIC - a 'public' statement cannot have a label.



data offset must be an unsigned - an attempt was made to use an

offset in a byte or long constant.



DS must have label - storage cannot be reserved without a name.



DS must be in DSEG - storage can only be reserved in DSEG.



duplicate label - the label on the line was defined previously.



equate too deep - an 'equ' may reference a prior one, but only to

a depth of four.



illegal expression - the expression had an illegal operator or is

somehow invalid.



illegal operand - an operand had a type that was not legal in

that context.



illegal reserved word - a reserved word was found in the wrong

context.



illegal ST value - the index to a floating point stack element

must be in the range 0 to 7.



incorrect type - only 'byte', 'word', 'dword', and 'tbyte', are

allowed following the colon to type a public.



impossible arithmetic - an arithmetic operation has operands

incompatible with the 8086 architecture.



example:



add word [bx], word[si]



in wrong segment - a variable or label is being defined in a

segment different than the segment of the

'public' statement. Remember that 'public'

















Messages Page 70





statements must be in the correct segment,

following 'dseg' or 'cseg' as appropriate.



invalid BYTE constant - a byte constant was needed, but something

else was found.



invalid constant - the instruction needed a constant and

something else was found.



invalid DD constant - the value of a 'DD' must be a constant

expression.



invalid DW constant - the value of a 'DW' must be a constant

expression or a variable name. In the latter

case, offset is assumed. The statement:



dw offset zip



is illegal since offset is already implied. Just

use:



dw zip



invalid offset - an offset of the expression cannot be taken.



line too long - the maximum input line to PCCA is 110

characters.



mismatched types - the types of the two operands must agree.



example:



db chr

add ax,bl ;illegal

add chr,ax ;illegal

add word chr,ax ;legal





misplaced reserved word - a reserved word was found in an

expression.



missing : - the '?' operator was missing the colon part.



missing ) - mismatched parenthesis.



missing ] - mismatched braces in an address expression.



missing ':' - labels to instructions must be followed by a

colon. This message also prints when a mnemonic

is misspelled. The assembler thinks that the bad

mnemonic is a label without a colon.



missing EQU name - an equate statement lacks a name.



missing type - the memory reference needs a type. In the case

















Messages Page 71





of 'public's defined elsewhere, the type can be

supplied by ':byte' or ':word' on the public

statement. In the case of anonymous references,

the 'byte' or 'word' keyword must be used.



example:



public a:byte

inc a ; illegal

inc byte a ; legal

inc es:[bx] ; illegal

inc es:word[bx] ; legal



need constant - something other than a constant expression

followed a 'ret'.



need label - a jump relative was made to something other

than a label. 'jmp's may be indirect but 'jz's

etc. can only jump to a label.



nested include - an included file may not include another.



not a label - only names can be public.



RB must have label - a 'RB' statement must have a label.



RB must be in DS - 'RB's must follow a DSEG directive as they can

only be in the data segment. 'DB's can be in the

code segment.



RW must be in DS - as above.



too many arguments - the instruction had more operands than

allowed or the last operand contains an illegal

op-code.



undefined variable - the name is referred to but not

defined or listed as public.



unknown mnemonic - the mnemonic is illegal.







A.3. PCCL Messages





A.3.1. Banner and Termination Messages



PCCL Linker PCC and PCCA V1.2b Copyright Mark DeSmet 1988

end of PCCL 9% utilization





A.3.2. Warnings from PCCL



undefined PUBLIC - - the name is referenced, but not

















Messages Page 72





defined in any module. PCCL will complete and

the resulting .EXE module may execute as long as

the undefined PUBLICs are not referenced. If

they are referenced, then the result is

undefined.





A.3.3. Fatal Errors from PCCL



PCCL prints the message, prints 'PCCL abandoned' and quits.



bad argument - an argument is illegal.



bad object file - the object or library file contains an

illegal record.



bad stack option - the 'S' option should be followed by one to

four hex digits.



cannot close - I/O error occurred.



cannot create - I/O error or disk out of room. On MS-DOS

2.0 and later, make sure that the CONFIG.SYS file

contains a FILES=20 command.



cannot open - the object file could not be found. On MS-

DOS 2.0 and later, make sure that the CONFIG.SYS

file contains a FILES=20 command.



cannot read - I/O error occurred.



cannot seek - I/O error occurred.



cannot write - I/O error or disk out of room.



different segments for - - the public is declared in

different segments in different modules.

Probably both as a function and as a variable.



illegal overlay number - in the overlay options -Vnn and -Mnn,

the value nn must be between 1 and 39 in

ascending, consecutive order.



multiply defined - the same public appears in two modules.



over 100 arguments - PCCL only allows 100 arguments, including

arguments in -F files.



over 64K code - a segment has over 64K of code. See the

description of PCCL overlay support.



over 64K data - the resultant program has over 64K of data.

This is not supported. You will have to move

some data to locals or use overlays.



















Messages Page 73





over 300 modules - only 300 modules can be linked together. The

supplied library only contains about 60 modules.



too many filenames - there are only 2000 bytes reserved for all

filenames.



too many labels in - a module in the named file had over

1000 labels.



too many total PUBLICS in - symbol table has overflowed.

The named file was being read when the overflow

occurred.







































































































Order Form Page 74





B. Order Form



Remit to: C Ware Corporation

P.O. Box 428

Paso Robles, CA 93447



PCC version 1.2d



You can also order by phone using your Mastercard or VISA.

(805) 239-4620, 9:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m., PST ONLY.



____ PCC Registration .................... @US$30.00 ea $ ______

(includes registration software - CList, Lib88,

Profile and Xarray)



____ UPGRADE to the newest version ....... @US$8.00 ea $ ______

(includes latest version of the program diskette,

with documentation on the disk.)



Orders are normally shipped by USPS at no additional charge.



For foreign shipment, please add US$3.00 for 1st disk $ ______

and US$1.00 for each additional disk


Subtotal ______



If you live in California, add 7.25% tax ______



Total $ ______






Payment by: [ ] Check [ ] MC [ ] Visa



Name: ___________________________________________________________



Company: ________________________________________________________



Address: ________________________________________________________



: ________________________________________________________



: ________________________________________________________



Day Phone: _______________________ Eve: _________________________



Card #: _______________________________ Exp. Date: _____________



Signature of cardholder: ________________________________________































User Comments Page 75





C. User Comments



I acquired PCC from

[ ] - Friend [ ] - Software product

[ ] - Computer Club [ ] - Computer Store

[ ] - Data Base Service [ ] - Electronic BBS

[ ] - Other - Please Specify ____________________________



We would also appreciate any input you would care to give

concerning PCC. If you have any ideas or comments that would

make PCC a better program, then please let us know.



We value your comments!



Comments and/or suggestions:

________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________



________________________________________________________________















































User Comments Page 76





index



A

abs(), 34

An Introduction To PCC, 8

atof(), 35

atoi(), 34

atol(), 35



B

Banner and Termination Messages, 60, 67, 71

Basic System, 10



C

Calling Conventions, 29

ceil(), 36

chain(), 36

close(), 37

Completion Codes, 11

Corporate

Business, Government and Commercial Use, 5

creat(), 37



D

Data Types, 15

dates(), 37

DISCLAIMER, 3

Disk Input/Output Routines, 32

doint(), 37



E

Errors from PCCA, 68

Example, 21

Examples, 14, 24

exec(), 38

exit(), 39

exp(), 39

Extensions, 16

Externs, 18



F

fabs(), 40

Fatal Errors From PCCA, 68

Fatal Errors from PCCL, 72

fclose(), 40

fgetc(), 40

fgets(), 40

floor(), 41

fopen(), 41

FOREIGN RESHIPMENT LIABILITY, 3

Forward References, 18

fputc(), 41

fputs(), 42

frand(), 42

fscanf(), 42

















User Comments Page 77







G

General, 4

getc(), 42

getchar(), 43

gets(), 43

Getting Started, 9

getw(), 44



I

IBM-PC Screen and Keyboard Interface, 34

in(), 44

index(), 44

Introduction, 13, 21, 23, 28

Invocation, 21, 23



L

Libraries, 27

LIBRARY CONVENTIONS, 31

License, 2

LIMITATIONS OF REMEDIES, 3

LIMITED WARRANTY , 3

lmove(), 45

log(), 44

longjmp(), 45



M

Macros, 20

Math Routines, 33

Messages, 60

Messages Produced by PCCA, 67



N

Names, 28



O

open(), 46

Order Form, 74

ORDERING INFORMATION, 4

os(), 46

out(), 46

Overlays, 25



P

PCC -- The Personal C Compiler, 13

PCC Compiler Messages, 60

PCC Errors, 62

PCC Fatal Errors, 60

PCC Files, 9

PCC Warnings, 66

PCCA Assembler Messages, 67

PCCA Errors ( from PCC Execution ), 67

PCCL Messages, 71

peek(), 46

poke(), 47

















User Comments Page 78





pow(), 47

Preface, 7

Preprocessor directives, 15

Program Initialization, 28

putc(), 47

putchar(), 47

puts(), 48

putw(), 48



Q

qsort(), 48



R

RAM DISK, 11

rand(), 49

rename(), 49

rindex(), 49



S

scanf(), 50

scr_aputs(), 52

scr_ci(), 52

scr_clr(), 52

scr_clrl(), 52

scr_cls(), 53

scr_co(), 52

scr_csts(), 53

scr_cursoff(), 53

scr_curson(), 53

scr_rowcol(), 53

scr_scdn(), 54

scr_scrdn(), 54

scr_scrup(), 54

scr_scup(), 54

scr_setmode(), 54

scr_setup(), 55

scr_sinp(), 55

setjmp(), 56

Setting Up DOS 2.xx

3.xx, ..., 10

Space Considerations, 25

sqrt(), 56

srand(), 56

sscanf(), 57

Standard Library Functions, 34

strcat(), 57

strcmp(), 57

strcpy(), 57

Strings, 20

strlen(), 58

strncat(), 58

strncmp(), 58

strncpy(), 59

Support Policy, 2



















User Comments Page 79





T

The C Language, 15

The Legal Stuff, 1

The PCCA 8088 Assembler, 21

The PCCL Object File Linker, 23

The PCCS.S Standard Library, 28

times(), 59

TRADEMARKS, 4



U

ungetc(), 59

unlink(), 59

Use by Educational Institutions, 5

User Comments, 75



W

Warnings from PCCL, 71



U

Using Text

Book, Magazine or Download source code, 8























































































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