Dec 082017
 
MCOMM ASYNC COMMUNICATIONS LIBRARY - Fast serial communications library for C programmers. Supports 4 simultaneous ports, up to 115200 baud, 16550 FIFO mode, and IRQs 2-15. Async code is 100% optimized assembler for maxim

Full Description of File


MCOMM ASYNC COMMUNICATIONS LIBRARY - Fast
serial communications library for C program-
mers. Supports 4 simultaneous ports, up to
115200 baud, 16550 FIFO mode, and IRQs 2-15.
Async code is 100% optimized assembler for
maximum speed. Includes popular TXZM
zmodem protocol driver. Also includes ANSI
BBS video routines. $45 registration
includes complete source code.


File MCOMM600.ZIP from The Programmer’s Corner in
Category C Source Code
MCOMM ASYNC COMMUNICATIONS LIBRARY – Fast serial communications library for C programmers. Supports 4 simultaneous ports, up to 115200 baud, 16550 FIFO mode, and IRQs 2-15. Async code is 100% optimized assembler for maxim
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ANSIVID.HPP 6970 1827 deflated
ASYNC.DOC 92984 19586 deflated
BCCTXZM.BAT 59 52 deflated
CASM.INC 3614 1014 deflated
COLORS.H 873 316 deflated
COMM.CPP 10014 2513 deflated
COMM.H 12851 3504 deflated
COMM.HPP 17787 4400 deflated
COMM_S.LIB 24975 11879 deflated
DESQV.ASM 3145 1027 deflated
EXTRA.H 2151 762 deflated
FILE_ID.DIZ 379 279 deflated
FPUSHPOP.C 1876 630 deflated
INT14CTS.C 3905 1168 deflated
KEYS.H 11157 2122 deflated
LICENSE.DOC 2420 938 deflated
MSCLIBS.BAT 1346 468 deflated
MSCTXZM.BAT 69 62 deflated
MSC_XS.LIB 3072 1224 deflated
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PUSHPOP.C 1723 602 deflated
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SMALTERM.C 37056 8920 deflated
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TCLIBS.BAT 1549 521 deflated
TC_XS.LIB 3072 1209 deflated
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TXZM.C 58421 14794 deflated
TXZM.DOC 27884 8878 deflated
UNIXDOS.ASM 7486 2255 deflated
UPDATE.DOC 17417 5926 deflated
WATCHDOG.C 2781 832 deflated
XYZGEN.C 14131 3960 deflated
ZCMPLR.C 13029 1990 deflated
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ZMIN.C 7532 2307 deflated
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ZMLIB_S.LIB 17455 10570 deflated
ZMSRC.DOC 8682 3104 deflated
ZTCLIBS.BAT 1359 473 deflated
ZTCTXZM.BAT 62 55 deflated
ZTC_XS.LIB 3072 1247 deflated

Download File MCOMM600.ZIP Here

Contents of the ASYNC.DOC file







ASYNCHRONOUS FUNCTIONS FOR MICROSOFT, TURBO, OR ZORTECH C


The LIB(s) on the included disk are libraries of serial
communications functions designed specifically for use with
Microsoft C, Turbo C / C++, and Zortech C / C++. The regis-
tered version has LIBs for all memory models. The shareware
version is small model only.


--- Features of the library functions ---

o Support for 16550 UART's FIFO mode of operation

o Fully interrupt driven

o Baud rates up to 115,200 baud

o User defined transmit and receive ring buffer sizes.

o Ring buffers may be in placed in FAR memory even in small
and medium model programs.

o User defined port addresses, IRQ use, and interrupt vector
numbers.

o Support for simultaneous operation of 4 ports.

o Built in support for XON/XOFF and hardware flow control

o Block transmit and receive functions

o Receive buffer look ahead function

o 100% assembler code for maximum speed

o Totally compatible with Microsoft C, Turbo C, Zortech C,
and other C compilers that use standard Microsoft high
level language calling conventions.



---------------------------------------------------------------
Mike Dumdei, 6 Holly Lane, Texarkana TX 75503
MCOMM5 (c) 1989-1994 All Rights Reserved
---------------------------------------------------------------






REGISTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION POLICY

MCOMM5, the various versions of Smalterm, the ANSI video
routines, and other miscellaneous functions contained in the
COMM_x libraries are distributed as shareware. If you use
these functions regularly please register them.

Two types of registration are available for MCOMM5. The
first is $25 and includes assembled libraries for all memory
models. The $25 registration does not include source code.
The second type of registration is $45 and includes libraries
and source code. Previous versions were $25 for source code
and libraries. If you send $25 and want source code based on
previous offers, you will receive a previous version of the
source. Registered users of versions prior to version 5 may
upgrade their libraries for $3 or upgrade source code version
for $10.

Considerable time and effort has gone into developing and
debugging these routines. If you are not a registered user and
have obtained a copy of the registered version, please take
time now to register the software or delete it. The copy you
have is a registered version if it contains libraries for any
memory model other than small model or if any of the ASM source
code is included.

This software is provided as is without warranty as to its
fitness for a particular use or being free of errors. I assume
no liability for any loss or damages you may incur through its
use. I will, however, make every effort to correct any
software errors that may exist, and provide you with a working
version.

I will continue to assist registered and non-registered
users whenever possible. If you have any problems using these
routines or questions, I may be contacted at:

North East Texas DataLink -- 903 838-6713 (modem)
FIDO net: 1:3819/128

Mike Dumdei -- 903 838-8307 (voice)






GETTING STARTED

All functions included in this library are listed on the fol-
lowing pages in alphabetical order. The basic functions needed
to begin are: async_open, async_tx, async_rx, and async_close.

Functions are also available to support XON/XOFF and hardware
flow control, the 16550 UART, block transmit and receive,
receive buffer look ahead, and several other features.

All functions take a pointer to an ASYNC structure for one of
its arguments. This structure is defined in COMM.H. It
may be helpful to think of this structure as being similar to
the standard C library 'FILE *'.

If you have been using versions of these routines prior to
version 5.00, there have been some changes made that will
require you to make some modifications to any existing code
before it can be used with the new libraries. The main
differences are:

> Async_open takes different parameters. Also, instead
of the open function automatically allocating the ring
buffers for you, you provide the ring buffers.

> All functions now take a pointer to an ASYNC structure
as the first argument rather than 0 (COM1) or 1 (COM2).

> LITES is no longer supported.






NOTES ON 16550 FIFO MODE

The 16550 UART is automatically detected and enabled when
async_open is called. If, for some reason, you want to operate
a 16550 UART in non-FIFO mode, automatic detection and use can
be disabled. See async_open for more information.


--- Use of receiver FIFOs ---

The receiver trigger level may be programmed for 1, 4, 8, or
14 bytes by the async_FIFOrxlvl function. When a port is first
opened the trigger is set to 1 byte. There are 3 reasons why I
chose to default to a 1 byte receive trigger level.

1) While a higher trigger level results in less CPU
overhead, it also provides less overrun protection if the
CPU is slow to respond. For example, with a 1 byte
trigger level the 16550 -- when it generates an interrupt
-- can hold 15 more characters in its FIFOs before the
CPU responds. With a 14 byte trigger level it will only
have room for 2 more characters.

2) The MCOMM interrupt functions completely empty the
receiver FIFOs every time an interrupt occurs. If the
CPU is slow to respond, the interrupt handler will
process 2,3,4.. characters (whatever is in the FIFOs)
whenever it does get control so the data still gets
buffered if the CPU isn't able to keep up.

3) Setting the trigger level at higher trigger levels when
displaying incoming data to the screen will result in a
jerky looking display, especially at low baud rates.
Again, this is because MCOMM empties the buffer
completely when it processes the interrupt. With a
trigger level other than 1, data stacks up in the FIFOs
until the trigger level is reached. When the interrupt
finally occurs, all the data in the FIFOs is pulled out
and made available to the higher level functions at
one time. The result is your code sits for 4, 8, or 14
bytes (whatever the trigger is) and then puts those bytes
on the screen in a burst. It looks rough at low baud
rates. At 9600 baud and above you could probably get by
with a slightly higher trigger level.

For best use of the receive FIFOs, stick with 1 byte trigger
level when displaying data to the screen. If your application
does not display the data or uses a high baud rate, you may
want to experiment with setting it to either 4 or 8 bytes.


--- Use of transmit FIFOs ---

The MCOMM transmit interrupt handler takes a parameter (set
by async_FIFOtxlvl) that is the maximum number of bytes to load
into the transmit FIFOs at one time. The default value for






NOTES ON 16550 FIFO MODE

this parameter is 3 bytes. The reason for not loading up the
FIFOs to maximum capacity (16 bytes) is flow control. The
16550 UART will continue to transmit characters in its FIFOs
regardless of the state of CTS, DSR, or CD, or if an XOFF is
received. It is totally up to the software to respond to
requests for flow control. If the FIFOs are loaded with more
bytes than the receiver can handle when it invokes flow
control, the receiver gets overwritten. There is a bit that
can be sent to the UART to flush the transmit FIFOs but then it
is impossible to tell what was flushed and what was sent. The
solution is to not the load the FIFOs up so full. If the
receiving device can handle more than 3 characters of overrun,
use a larger value. If the application does not require flow
control, you can use a 16 byte level with no problems.

Another factor to consider concerning the transmit FIFO byte
level is that (from the NS Data Communications/LAN/UART
Handbook) the transmit FIFO empty indication will be delayed by
1 character time minus the last stop bit until there are at
least 2 bytes in the transmit FIFOs simultaneously for the
current transmit operation. After the 2 byte requirement is
met the transmit interrupt occurs immediately when the transmit
FIFOs empty. Using a value of 3 or above (1 byte for the
transmit shift register and 2 for the FIFO registers)
guarantees the interrupt delay is deactivated. Once the '2
bytes in the FIFOs' requirement is met, the transmit byte level
can be reduced if necessary.


--- Problems with Western Digital 16550s ---

The following problems DO NOT apply to the National Semicon-
ductor version of the 16550. Neither are they unique to MCOMM.

Western Digital 16550 UARTs have two problems you should be
aware of if your application will be ran on system that uses
this chip.

The first of these only shows up under the following
conditions:

1) The UART is in FIFO mode.
2) A low baud rate is being used.
3) The transmitter is initially empty.
4) A block of data longer than 16 to 18 bytes (depth of the
FIFOs plus 1 or 2 for what gets out while the FIFOs are
being filled up) is sent to the chip.

Under these conditions the WD16550 UART will momentarily fail
to recognize the FIFOs are full and continue to generate
transmit interrupts. It also fails to reset the 'Transmit Hold
Register Empty' bit making it impossible for the software to
detect a full FIFO condition. The result is the software keeps
sending data to the chip, overrunning the FIFOs. What you will






NOTES ON 16550 FIFO MODE

see is, the first 16 to 18 bytes transmitted correctly, a
missing block of data, and then the remainder of the block also
correct. This can be verified by trying to send blocks of data
through this chip (WD16550) at a low baud rate with any
software that enables the FIFOs. How low of a baud rate is low
enough to cause the problem depends on the particular chip and
how fast the CPU and software can supply data to the chip.
With MCOMM, a 20 MHZ 386, and the TxByteCnt at the default
level of 3, the chip I was testing would not work in FIFO mode
below 9600 baud. On the same system using different software,
it worked as low as 4800 baud. On a 12 MHZ 286, MCOMM would
work at 4800 and above while the other software worked at 2400
and above.

For publicly distributed applications, I recommend you do one
or more of the following:

1) Provide an option in your program to allow the end user
to operate a 16550 with the FIFOs disabled. When the
FIFOs are disabled, all baud rates work. ORing the
'vctrnbr' parameter of async_open with 0x4000 will force
FIFO mode off.
2) Provide an option in your program to allow setting the
TxByteCnt level (async_FIFOtxlvl) to a lower value. This
will help slightly.

3) Put a flag in your program the end user can set to let
you know you are dealing with a WD16550.

4) State your application does not support the Western
Digital version of the 16550 at low baud rates.


The second problem with the WD16550 is that if the 'Clear to
Send' signal is not connected it can, under some conditions,
cause the 'Delta Clear to Send' bit in the Modem Status
Register to become set and it will not reset. I did not
research the problem enough to know if the 'locked bit' only
occurs when MSR interrupts are enabled, whether other floating
MSR input signals can cause the same problem, if all WD16550's
have the problem, or that is unique to the Western Digital chip
(considering the FIFO overrun problem, I assume it is unique).

With a properly functioning UART, reading the MSR register will
reset all the 'delta bits' and clear any interrupts. With the
chip I had, I tried everything I could think of to clear the
interrupt and nothing worked except the ON/OFF switch. I tried
clearing interrupts and reading the MSR multiple times checking
to see if the bit reset with interrupts off (it didn't),
disabling Modem Status interrupts via the Interrupt Enable
Register and then reading the MSR register (didn't work), FIFO
mode on / FIFO mode off (no difference), keyboard reboot of the
computer (didn't fix it), shut the computer off and turn it
back on (that fixed it).






NOTES ON 16550 FIFO MODE

After encountering this problem and having the system lock up,
I added code to MCOMM's interrupt driver so that it would quit
trying to clear an interrupt after 1000 attempts. It then sets
a new port structure member 'IERVal' to zero as an indicator
the port is locked up. Normally 'IERVal' will be set to the
current value of the Interrupt Enable Register. If you try to
open a port that is in a stuck interrupt condition, async_open
now returns R_UARTERR. In addition, options were added to open
a port without enabling Modem Status interrupts or Line Status
interrupts or both. ORing the 'vctrnbr' parameter of async_open
with 0x2000 disables MSR interrupts. ORing with 0x1000
disables LSR interrupts. So far I have encountered no reason
for disabling LSR interrupts. Disabling MSR interrupts
prevents the lock up problem but has the side effect of causing
all functions and variables that use Modem Status signals to be
invalid. This includes hardware handshake and carrier detect.

I have probably over emphasized the Modem Status lock up
problem and my personal opinion is that it is not that serious.
I considered totally disregarding it since it has a simple
solution and that is to connect all Modem Status input signals
to some driving signal (wire the RS232 cable right). Unused
signals can be connected to a driving signal on the computer
end if necessary. Also it may be isolated to one defective
chip. I tested two WD16550s and the problem only showed up on
one of them during my testing. Because the computer totally
locked up when this happened though, I decided to go ahead and
program for the possibility. At least control of the computer
is regained and you can tell the user he needs a properly wired
RS232 cable or his UART is broke and then exit gracefully.
This will probably show up very very rarely so don't be too
concerned about it. In closing, I would like to point out
again that these problems are a fault of the WD16550 and are
not unique to MCOMM.






async_16550
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Check if 16550 UART was detected in system.

Format: int async_16550(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int is_16550;

is_16550 = async_16550(port);

Returns: Returns zero if a 16550 is not in the system or the
'ignore 16550 bit' was set when async_open was called.
Returns NZ if a 16550 was found. Async_open must be
called before this function is valid. If a 16550 is
found, it will be placed in the FIFO mode of operation
by async_open unless '16550 detect' was overridden or
the force FIFOs off option was selected.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro.

See async_open.






async_breakrxd
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Checks if a break signal has been received.

Format: int async_breakrxd(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int break_status;

break_status = async_breakrxd(port);


Returns: If a break signal has been received the function
returns a non-zero value. If a break has not been
detected, zero is returned.

Remarks: Once a break signal has been detected, this function
continually returns non-zero values until async_reset
is called. If a break is received, a line status
register interrupt is generated. The interrupt
handler sets a bit in the Stat1 port structure member.
The async_breakrxd function is a macro that checks the
status of this bit.

See also async_reset, async_rx, async_stat,
async_sndbrk.






async_carrier
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Check for the presence of a carrier.

Format: int async_carrier(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int carrier_status;

carrier_status = async_carrier(port);


Returns: A non-zero value is returned if a carrier is present.
If the carrier detect line is LOW, zero is returned.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro. See also
async_rx and async_stat.






async_close
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Closes a port opened by async_open.

Format: int async_close(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC port;
async_close(&port);

Returns: No return value

Remarks: Do not attempt to close an unopened port. Some
minimal checking is done internally by async_close in
an attempt to detect whether or not the specified port
is actually opened. If an unopened port makes it past
those checks and the main close routine is entered,
the system may lock up (immediately, 2 hours later, or
never). When a port is closed the UART registers,
interrupt controller mask, and interrupt vectors are
restored to the value they had when async_open was
called. It is possible to close the port and leave
various signals (DTR for one) in the state you desire
rather than in their initial state. See async_dtr and
async_rts for some examples on how to do this.

The B_ORGFIFO bit in the ASYNC 'Stat3' structure
member is used by async_close to return the 16550 --
if present -- to the mode it was in when async_open
was called. FIFOs may be 'forced' to remain enabled
or 'forced' to be disabled when closing the port by
first setting or resetting this bit. Ex:

Force off: port->Stat3 &= ~B_ORGFIFO;
async_close(port);

Force on: port->Stat3 |= B_ORGFIFO;
async_close(port);






async_cts
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Check status of the Clear to Send signal.

Format: int async_cts(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int cts_status;

cts_status = async_cts(port);

Returns: Returns zero if Clear To Send is LOW. If CTS is HIGH,
a non-zero value is returned.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro.






async_dsr
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Check status of the Data Set Ready signal.

Format: int async_dsr(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int dsr_status;

dsr_status = async_dsr(port);

Returns: Returns zero if Data Set Ready is LOW. If DSR is
HIGH, a non-zero value is returned.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro.






async_dtr
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Set or reset the Data Terminal Ready signal.

Format: void async_dtr(port, DTRflag);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int DTRflag; Set/Reset DTR flag

Example:

ASYNC *port;

if (WantToDropDTR)
async_dtr(port, 0);
else if (WantDTRhigh)
async_dtr(port, 1);


Returns: No return value

Remarks: This signal is set HIGH when a port is first opened.
When the port is closed, it is restored to the cond-
ition it was in when the port was opened. To force
DTR low when a port is closed, regardless of its state
when the port was opened, AND the port member, OldMCR,
with NOT B_DTR. To force DTR to remain high when the
port is closed, OR OldMCR with B_DTR.

Force low: port->OldMCR &= ~B_DTR;
async_close(port);

Force high: port->OldMCR |= B_DTR;
async_close(port);






async_FIFOrxlvl <5.20 addition>
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Set the 16550 UART's receive trigger level.

Format: void async_FIFOrxlvl(port, trigger_lvl);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int trigger_lvl; Rx FIFO interrupt trigger level

Example:

ASYNC *port;

/* set the receiver trigger level to 8 bytes */
async_FIFOrxlvl(port, 8);

Returns: No return value

Remarks: Valid values for 'trigger_lvl' are 1, 4, 8, and 14
bytes. When a port with a 16550 UART is first opened,
the trigger level is set to 1 byte. See the
discussion on 'Use of receiver FIFOs' at the beginning
of this document. This function has no effect if the
FIFOs were not enabled when async_open was called.






async_FIFOtxlvl <5.20 addition>
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Set the number of bytes loaded into the 16550 UART's
transmit FIFOs when a transmit interrupt occurs.

Format: void async_FIFOtxlvl(port, bytes);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int bytes; # of bytes to load into tx FIFOs

Example:

ASYNC *port;

/* set the transmit FIFO byte level to 16 bytes */
async_FIFOrxlvl(port, 16);

Returns: No return value

Remarks: Valid values for 'bytes' are 1 through 16 bytes. When
a port with a 16550 UART is first opened, the transmit
level byte count is set to 3 bytes. See the
discussion on 'Use of transmit FIFOs' at the beginning
of this document. This function has no effect if the
FIFOs were not enabled when async_open was called.






async_ignerr
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Set or reset 'ignore characters with errors' bit

Format: void async_ignerr(port, flag);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int flag; Set/Reset flag

Example:

ASYNC *port;

if (WantToDiscardErrChars)
async_ignerr(port, 1);
else if (WantToKeepErrChars)
async_ignerr(port, 0);


Returns: No return value

Remarks: This function sets the bit that determines what hap-
pens to received characters that have parity or fram-
ing errors. If the function is called with the flag
set to one, incoming characters that have framing or
parity errors are discarded -- they do not get put
into the receive ring buffer. If the flag is 0, char-
acters with errors are not ignored, they are put into
the ring buffer. The error bits in Stat1 that reflect
these error conditions are set regardless of the
setting of the discard flag. When a port is first
opened, the flag is set to 0. This function is imple-
mented as a macro.

See also async_stat.






async_msr
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Get the contents of the Modem Status Register.

Format: int async_msr(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int MSRcontents;

MSRcontents = async_msr(port);


Returns: The contents of the Modem Status Register.

Remarks: This function is a macro that returns the port struc-
ture member, MSRVal. This value is initialized when a
port is first opened and then updated any time a modem
status interrupt occurs. The reason the MSR is not
read directly is to avoid inadvertently intercepting a
pending MSR interrupt. All bits returned except for
the delta bits reflect the true current status.






async_msrflow <5.50 modified>
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Enables or disables hardware flow control.

Format: void async_msrflow(port, flowmask);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int flowmask; Bit mapped flow control mask

Example:

ASYNC *port;

if (enable_RTS_CTS_handshake)
async_msrflow(port, B_CTS);
else if (disable_handshake)
async_msrflow(port, 0);

Returns: No return value

Remarks: The flow mask is a bit mapped value of the signal that
is monitored by the receiver when performing flow
control. Bits that may be monitored are B_CTS, B_DSR,
and B_CD. This provides capability for RTS/CTS hand-
shake, DTR/DSR handshake, and handshaking with the
carrier detect line. To monitor multiple signals, OR
the bits together. Both hardware flow control and
XON/XOFF flow control may be enabled at the same time.

Beginning with version 5.50, ORing B_RTS into the
'flowmask' parameter, will cause the RTS signal to be
driven low whenever the receive buffer exceeds the
XoffTrip point. RTS will automatically return to its
normal condition when the receive buffer empties to a
point below the XonTrip level. Both XOFF/XON and RTS
flow control share the same trip point variable but
may be activated separately or together. Do not get
RTS and CTS confused. Use CTS to keep the computer
from overrunning a device (e.g. sending to a modem
with a locked baud rate). Use RTS to keep from
getting ran over by a device (receiving from a high
speed modem using a slow computer).

See async_xflow.






async_open <5.40 modified -- see Remarks at end of function>
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Initializes the hardware, interrupt vector, and ASYNC
port structure for interrupt driven operation.

Format:
int async_open(port, base, irqmask, vctrnbr, params);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int base; Base port address of UART chip
int irqmask; 8259 mask value for selected IRQ line
(1 << IRQnumber) for IRQs 0-7 or
(1 << (IRQnumber - 8)) for IRQs 8-15
int vctrnbr; Number of selected interrupt vector
(8 + IRQnumber) for IRQs 0-7
(104 + IRQnumber) for IRQs 8-15
char *params; Baud, parity, data, & stop bits in
string format

Entry: Before calling this function you must allocate ring
buffer memory and pre-initialize the following ASYNC
structure members:

RxSize : the size that you want the receive ring
buffer to be. The memory allocated or set aside
for the receive ring buffer must be contiguous
with the memory used for the transmit ring
buffer. In most cases (RxSize + TxSize) bytes
will be allocated using some form of malloc.
A function to do this is included in the examples.
The combined size of RxSize + TxSize can not
exceed 32K - 1.
TxSize : the size of the transmit buffer in bytes.
As stated above, the transmit and receive buffers
for each individual port must be allocated as one
contiguous block.
RingSeg: the segment address of the memory allocated
for the receive and transmit buffers. FAR memory
can be used for the receive and transmit buffers
by using your compiler library's version of FAR
malloc and putting the segment portion (high 16
bits) of the returned memory pointer in RingSeg.
If you are using a NEAR data model program and
want NEAR ring buffers, set RingSeg equal to 0.
With RingSeg set to zero, the open function will
use the DS segment register for RingSeg. Using
FAR ring buffers causes no loss of performance.
RingOfst: the offset address of the memory allocated
for the receive and transmit buffers. This value,
in conjunction with the RxSize and TxSize vari-
ables, is used to set up the receive and transmit
ring buffers.






async_open
---------------------------------------------------------------

THE FOLLOWING FUNCTION IS INCLUDED WITH MCOMM5 AND IS
RECOMMENDED FOR ALLOCATING RING BUFFER MEMORY AND
INITIALIZING THE ABOVE VARIABLES.

#if defined (__TURBOC__) /* Turbo C */
#include
#define _fmalloc farmalloc
#elif defined (__ZTC__) /* Zortech C */
#include
#include
#define _fmalloc farmalloc
#else /* Microsoft C */
#include
#endif

int AllocRingBuffer(
ASYNC *port, /* pointer to port structure */
int rxsize, /* number bytes to use for receive buffer */
int txsize, /* number bytes to use for transmit buffer */
int useFARmem) /* flag set if using FAR mem for buffers */
{
unsigned long memptr;
int memsize;

memsize = rxsize + txsize;

if (useFARmem || sizeof(char *) == 4)/* if FAR Ring bufs */
memptr = (unsigned long)_fmalloc(memsize);
else /* if Ring buffers use NEAR memory */
memptr = (unsigned long)(unsigned int)malloc(memsize);

/* pre-initialize 4 required structure members */
port->RxSize = rxsize; /* receive buffer size */
port->TxSize = txsize; /* transmit buffer size */
port->RingSeg = (int)(memptr >> 16); /* SEG adr */
port->RingOfst = (int)memptr; /* OFST address */
if (memptr == 0L)
return 0; /* return 0 if no memory available */
return 1; /* return 1, had some memory */
}






async_open
---------------------------------------------------------------

Example 1:

/*
Open COM1 at 2400,N,8,1 using FAR ring buffers. COM1 is
defined in COMM.H as: 0x3f8, 0x10, 12. It is not
necessary to check the return value of AllocRingBuffer
since async_open will return R_NOMEM if the memory
allocation function fails.
*/

#include "comm.h"

ASYNC port;
int rcode;

AllocRingBuffer(&port, 24000, 8000, 1);

rcode = async_open(&port, COM1, "2400N81");
/** or
rcode = async_open(&port, 0x3f8, 0x10, 12, "2400N81");
** or
rcode = async_open(&port, 0x3f8, IRQ4, VCTR4, "2400N81");
**/

if (rcode != R_OK)
{
printf("\nAsync_open failed, exit code = %d", rcode);
exit(rcode);
}






async_open
---------------------------------------------------------------

Example 2:

/*
Open a port located at 0x2e0 that uses IRQ3. In this
case NEAR ring buffers are specified and the memory for
the port structure is obtained using malloc. See the
AllocRingBuffer function described previously.
*/

#include "comm.h"

ASYNC *port;
int rcode;

if ((port = (ASYNC *)malloc(sizeof ASYNC)) == NULL)
{
printf("\nNot enough memory");
exit(R_NOMEM);
}

AllocRingBuffer(port, 4096, 1200, 0);

rcode = async_open(port, 0x2e0, IRQ3, VCTR3, "115200E71");

if (rcode != R_OK)
{
printf("\nAsync_open failed, exit code = %d", rcode);
exit(rcode);
}






async_open
---------------------------------------------------------------

Example 3:

/*
Open both COM1 and COM2 at the same time. You can open
four ports at once as long as they don't share the same
port addresses, IRQ lines, or interrupt vectors.
*/

#include "comm.h"

ASYNC ports[2], *port[2];
int rcode;

port[0] = &ports[0], port[1] = &ports[1];

AllocRingBuffer(port[0], 10240, 10240, 1);
rcode = async_open(port[0], COM1, "9600N81");
if (rcode != R_OK)
{
printf("\nAsync_open failed, exit code = %d", rcode);
exit(rcode);
}

AllocRingBuffer(port[1], 10240, 10240, 1);
rcode = async_open(port[1], COM2, "1200E71");
if (rcode != R_OK)
{
printf("\nAsync_open failed, exit code = %d", rcode);
exit(rcode);
}






async_open
---------------------------------------------------------------

Example 4:

/*
Open COM1 using its current baud, parity, data, and
stop bit settings. The port structure member, BPDSstr,
will reflect those settings after calling async_open.
*/

#include "comm.h"

ASYNC *port;
int rcode;

/* alloc port structure & ring buffer memory */
port = malloc(sizeof(ASYNC));
AllocRingBuffer(port, 4096, 2048, 1);

/* empty parameter string causes port to be opened at
its current settings */
rcode = async_open(port, COM1, "");

if (rcode != R_OK)
{
printf("\nAsync_open failed, exit code = %d", rcode);
exit(rcode);
}

printf(
"\nBaud, parity, data, stop bits = %s\n", port->BPDSstr);






async_open
---------------------------------------------------------------

Returns:

R_OK (0) - the port was opened with no errors.

R_NOMEM - a NULL pointer was passed as the address
of the ring buffers. Probable causes are either
failing to initialize the port structure ring
buffer variables or assigning the RingSeg and
RingOfst structure a NULL pointer. This could
occur if you use the AllocRingBuffer function or
something similar and the call to malloc fails.

R_BAUDERR - the passed baud rate in the BPDS string
was invalid. Some possible reasons for this error
are leading spaces in the parameter string or use
of commas. "115200N81" is correct. " 115200N81"
and "115,200N81" are both incorrect.

R_PARITYERR - an invalid character was found in the
parameter string where the parity should have
been. Commas or spaces in the parameter string
are possible causes. Valid parity settings are N
- none, E - even, or O - odd. See R_BAUDERR.

R_DTABITERR - an invalid number of data bits was spec-
ified. Only settings of 7 or 8 are supported.

R_STPBITERR - an invalid number of stop bits was spec-
ified. Stop bits must be set to either 1 or 2.

R_IRQUSED - an attempt was made to open two ports that
use the same IRQ line.

R_VCTRUSED - an attempt was made to open two ports
that use the same interrupt vector.

R_NOPORT - an attempt was made to open more than four
simultaneous ports.

R_PORTUSED - an attempt was made to open two ports
that have the same I/O address.

R_UARTERR - an attempt was made to open a port that is
stuck in an interrupt condition (see the notes on
problems with the WD16550 at the beginning of this
documentation ).






async_open
---------------------------------------------------------------

Remarks (16550 support):

This function now automatically detects the presence
of a 16550 UART and enables FIFO operation if one is
detected. By ORing either 0x8000 or 0x4000 with the
'vctrnbr' argument, you can change the default of auto-
enabling FIFO mode. If 0x8000 is ORed with the
'vctrnbr' argument (ex: 0x8000|vctrnbr), no attempt is
made to detect a 16550 and no changes are made to the
mode of operation of the 16550 if one is present. If
this bit is set, none of the functions or bits
relating to the 16550 UART will be valid. If 0x4000
is ORed with the 'vctrnbr', the 16550 will be forced
into non-FIFO mode.

ORing 0x2000 with the 'vctrnbr' parameter will open the
port with MSR interrupts disabled. ORing the 'vctrnbr'
parameter with 0x1000 will open the port with LSR
interrupts disabled. See the notes on the WD16550 at
the beginning of this documentation for why this may
be desired and the side effects of opening a port with
MSR interrupts disabled.

When async_open is called, the FIFOs are momentarily
disabled and then re-enabled with the receive trigger
level set to 1 byte. In versions of MCOMM prior to
5.40, the FIFOs were not reset if they were already
on. Resetting the FIFOs was added to correct
occasional rare problems with the port not opening.

/* detect 16550, enable FIFOs if present */
async_open(PortPtr, 0x3f8, IRQ, Vector, Params);

/* do not attempt to detect 16550 */
async_open(PortPtr, 0x3f8, IRQ, 0x8000|Vctr, Params);

/* detect 16550, disable FIFOs if present */
async_open(PortPtr, 0x3f8, IRQ, 0x4000|Vctr, Params);

/* open port, disable MSR interrupts */
async_open(PortPtr, 0x3f8, IRQ, 0x2000|Vctr, Params);

/* open port, disable MSR interrupts and FIFOs */
async_open(PortPtr, 0x3f8, IRQ, 0x6000|Vctr, Params);






async_open
---------------------------------------------------------------

Remarks (versions previous to 5.00):

There are some major differences in the async_open
function in MCOMM5 and previous versions of the rou-
tines. The two most major ones are that the parame-
ters passed to the function are different and it is
now necessary to allocate the memory for the ring
buffers before calling the function. To make things
simpler, COM1 and COM2 are defined in COMM.H and the
function, AllocRingBuffer, is provided. The COM1 and
COM2 definitions satisfy the requirements for the 2nd,
3rd, and 4th parameters required by the function. For
ports other than the standard COM1 and COM2, it is
necessary to list the individual arguments. The func-
tion, AllocRingBuffer, is provided in C source form on
the disk and included in the COMM_x libraries. This
function allocates the ring buffer memory and initial-
izes the required port structure members.

The return values for async_open are different and may
have a different meaning than in earlier versions.

If a port is opened with an empty parameter string
(using "" for the parameters), then the port is opened
at its current settings and the port member BPDSstr is
set to the string representation of those values.

Async_open no longer checks the BIOS ram area at 40:0
to verify that a port actually exists. There were too
many compatibles that did not store the proper values
there.

The maximum combined size of the receive and transmit
buffers for each port is 32K - 1.

FAR ring buffers in small and medium memory model
programs is now supported. Use of FAR buffers does
not in any way affect the speed of the routines.






async_peek
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Indexed receive ring buffer look ahead function.

Format: int async_peek(port, index);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int index; Index value

Examples:

ASYNC *port;
char ch, buf[10];
int i;

/* peek next char in receive ring buffer */
ch = async_peek(port, 0);

/* peek next 10 chars in receive ring buffer */
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
buf[i] = async_peek(port, i);

Returns: This function returns the character in the receive
ring buffer at the indexed position. If an attempt is
made to peek deeper in the ring buffer than there are
characters in the ring buffer, -1 (0xffff) is
returned.

Remarks: No characters are removed from the ring buffer by this
function.

The index value is 0 based.

To avoid confusing the character, '\0xff', from the
error return value, 0xffff, use an integer size
variable for the return value. The character '\0xff'
is returned as 0x00ff and the error condition is
returned as 0xffff.






async_regs
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Provides direct access to the UART registers.

Format: int async_regs(port, reg_ofst, value);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int reg_ofst; Offset of register from base adrs
int value; Value to write or -1 if reading


Examples:

ASYNC *port;
int LCRvalue;

/* read the line control register */
LCRvalue = async_regs(port, LCRreg, RDreg);

/* write a 0 to the modem control register */
async_regs(port, MCRreg, 0);

Returns: When reading a register, the return value is the value
of the UART register that was read. When writing a
register, the return value is undefined.

Remarks: The following values for register offsets are defined
in COMM.H for use with async_regs:
RXreg, TXreg - receive & transmit regs, value = 0
IERreg - interrupt enable register, value = 1
IIDreg - interrupt identification reg, value = 2
FCRreg - FIFO control register value = 2
LCRreg - line control register, value = 3
MCRreg - modem control register, value = 4
LSRreg - line status register, value = 5
MSRreg - modem status register, value = 6
LObaud - offset of low baud divisor, value = 0
HIbaud - offset of high baud divisor, value = 1
Also RDreg is defined as -1 for use when reading one
of the UART registers. See the examples. See
cautions on the following page before using this
function.






async_regs
---------------------------------------------------------------

Remarks (continued):

This function is provided primarily as a debugging
tool. Reading or writing to the UART registers while
operating in an interrupt driven mode can cause
several types of problems. Do not use this function
unless you know what you are doing. Do not read the
RXreg, IIDreg, LSRreg, or MSRreg on an open port
except for debugging purposes. Do not write any of
the registers.

The function may be used on a port that has not yet
been opened if the ComBase member of the port struc-
ture has been set. When async_regs is used with an
unopened port the UART registers may be read or writ-
ten without restriction.






async_reset
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Clear parity error bit, framing error bit, character
overrun bit, receive buffer overflow bit, and break
signal received bit in the the Stat1 byte.

Format: void async_reset(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

if (error)
async_reset(port);


Returns: No return value

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro. See also
async_rx and async_stat.






async_restart
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Re-initialize an already opened serial port

Format: void async_restart(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

async_restart(port);


Returns: No return value

Remarks: Async_restart resets the interrupt vector, UART regis-
ters, and 8259 interrupt controller mask to the values
necessary for interrupt driven operation. It also
flushes the receive and transmit buffers and resets
the Stat1 byte. Use this function to restart a comm
port after spawning a program that may have altered
the interrupt vector, UART regs, or interrupt mask.

See also async_stop.






async_rts
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Sets or resets the Request to Send signal.

Format: void async_rts(port, flag);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int flag; Set/Reset RTS flag

Example:

ASYNC *port;

if (WantToDropRTS)
async_rts(port, 0);
else if (WantRTShigh)
async_rts(port, 1);


Returns: No return value

Remarks: The RTS signal is primarily used for hardware hand-
shaking. When a port is first opened RTS is set HIGH
(enabled). When the port is closed, it is restored to
the condition it was in when the port was opened. To
force RTS low when closing a port, regardless of its
state when the port was opened, AND the port member,
OldMCR with NOT B_RTS. To force RTS to remain high
when the port is closed, OR OldMCR with B_RTS.

Force low: port->OldMCR &= ~B_RTS;
async_close(port);

Force high: port->OldMCR |= B_RTS;
async_close(port);






async_rx
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Gets one character from the receive ring buffer.

Format: int async_rx(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Examples:

ASYNC *port;
int rxch;

rxch = async_rx(port); /* rxch == Stat1/char */

rxch = async_rx(port) & 0xff; /* rxch == char */

/* chk if char available & process only if it was */
if (!((rxch = async_rx(port)) & B_RXEMPTY)
procRxdChar(rxch & 0xff);

Returns: Async_rx returns the character received as the low
byte and the Stat1 status byte as the high byte. If
the receive ring buffer was empty when async_rx was
called the low byte will be 0 and the high byte will
have the B_RXEMPTY bit set. The Stat1 byte is a bit
mapped value that reflects parity errors, framing
errors, character overrun errors, receive buffer
overflow errors, receive buffer empty, break signal
received, and carrier lost. If no receive errors
have occurred, a break signal has not been received,
and a carrier is present, Stat1 will be 0.






async_rx
---------------------------------------------------------------

Remarks: Error bits set in the Stat1 byte are not necessarily
associated with the character just taken out of the
receive ring buffer. In fact, they probably are not.
The error bits are set when the error is detected and
reset when async_reset is called. For example:

1) 20 bytes of data are received with no errors.
2) Async_rx has been called 10 times so 10 characters
have been taken out of the ring buffer and 10 of
the bytes with no errors are still in the buffer.
3) A parity error occurs on the next byte received
from the UART -- the 11th byte in the receive ring
buffer.
4) The next byte taken out of the buffer, which is
the first of the 10 remaining good bytes will have
the parity error bit in the Stat1 byte. It will
remain set until async_reset is called.

If the 'ignore characters with errors' bit is set (see
async_ignerr), then characters that have either parity
or framing errors are never placed in the receive ring
buffer. They are read from the UART and discarded.
The error bits in Stat1 are set regardless of the
setting of the 'ignore characters with errors' bit.






async_rxblk
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Retrieves a block of characters from the receive ring
buffer.

Format: int async_rxblk(port, buf, maxchars);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
char *buf; Buffer for received data
int maxchars; Maximum number of chars to read

Example:

ASYNC *port;
char buf[256];
int bytesRead;

bytesRead = async_rxblk(port, buf, sizeof(buf));

Returns: Async_rxblk returns the number of bytes read. This
value will be 'maxchars' if there are that many bytes
available in the receive buffer. If there are not
'maxchars' in the receive buffer, the entire contents
of the receive buffer will be moved to 'buf' and the
return value will be the number of bytes that were in
the buffer.

Remarks: Very fast way to read data. See also async_rx and
async_rxblkch.






async_rxblkch
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Retrieve bytes from the receive ring buffer until the

specified character is found, 'maxchars' are read, or
the receive ring buffer is emptied.

Format:
int async_rxblkch(port, buf, maxchars, keychar, includekey);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
char *buf; Destination for bytes read
int maxchars; Maximum number of chars to read
char keychar; Character to scan for
int includekey; Flag set if 'keychar' is to be read also

Example:

ASYNC *port;
char buf[256];
int bytesRead;
int foundkey;

bytesRead = async_rxblkch(port, buf, sizeof(buf), '\n', 1);
if (bytesRead < 0)
bytesRead = -bytesRead, foundkey = TRUE;
else
foundkey = FALSE;

Returns: This function returns the number of bytes read if the
'keychar' is not found. If the 'keychar' is found the
2's complement of the number of bytes read is
returned.






async_rxblkch
---------------------------------------------------------------

Remarks: The 'includekey' flag, which is the last argument of
the function, determines whether or not the 'keychar'
is to be included if it is found. If the flag is 1
and the 'keychar' is found it will be the last char-
acter in the user buffer. If this flag is 0 and the
'keychar' is found, the 'keychar' is left in the re-
ceive ring buffer and will be the first character read
when you next call one of the async_rx type functions.
This can cause a problem if you set this flag to 0 and
the 'keychar' is the first character in the receive
buffer. The function will return 0, which would seem
to indicate that there were no bytes in the buffer.
Actually the character was found but since you are not
taking it out of the ring buffer zero bytes are read.
There are two ways to check for this condition. You
can first call async_rxcnt to verify there are bytes
in the receive buffer and then call async_rxblkch. If
async_rxblkch returns 0, the 'keychar' is there and is
the first byte in the buffer. The other method is to
use async_peek to see what the next character in the
receive buffer is before calling async_rxblkch.

A 2's complement value of the bytes read is returned
by async_rxblkch when the 'keychar' is found. For
actual bytes use:
bytes = async_rxblkch( ....);
if (bytes < 0)
bytes = -bytes;
A byte count less than zero is the signal the
'keychar' was found. (Except for the circumstance
noted in the previous paragraph).

See async_rx, async_rxblk, async_rxcnt, async_peek.






async_rxcnt
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Returns the number of bytes in the receive ring
buffer.

Format: int async_rxcnt(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

BytesInRxBuf = async_rxcnt(port);

Returns: Number of bytes in the receive ring buffer

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro.






async_rxerr
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Checks if a receive error has been detected.

Format: int async_rxerr(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int rxerr_status;

rxerr_status = async_rxerr(port);

Returns: ZR if no receive errors have been detected, NZ if
receive error has been detected.

Remarks: Types of receive errors that are detected by this
function are parity errors, framing errors, UART
receive register overflow, and receive ring buffer
overflow. This information is also returned as the
high byte of the async_rx and async_stat functions.
This function is implemented as a macro.

See also async_rx, async_stat.






async_rxflush
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Empties out the receive ring buffer.

Format: void async_rxflush(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

async_rxflush(port);

Returns: This function does not have a return value

Remarks: Clears the receive ring buffer and -- if a 16550 is
present in the system with its FIFOs activated --
resets the receiver FIFOs. All data that was in the
buffer is lost. If XON/XOFF flow control is being
used and an XOFF has been sent to the remote, this
function automatically sends an XON. An XON is not
ALWAYS sent -- only if XFLOW control is in use and the
async interrupt routine has sent an XOFF. It will not
clear false XOFFs the remote may have received.






async_rxfree (5.40)
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Returns the number of bytes left available in the
receive ring buffer for incoming characters.

Format: int async_rxfree(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

RxBufFreeSpace = async_rxfree(port);

Returns: Number of bytes that can be received without taking
any out before a receive buffer overflow will occur.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro.






async_setbpds
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Change the baud rate, parity, number of data bits or
number of stop bits on an already opened port.

Format: int async_setbpds(port, params);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
char *params; Pointer to parameter string

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int rcode;

rcode = async_setbpds(port, "2400E71");

Returns: This function returns 0 if successful and the new
parameter string is copied to the port structure
member, BPDSstr. Errors that can be returned are
R_BAUDERR, R_PARITYERR, R_DTABITERR, or R_STPBITERR.
If one of these error codes are returned, the port
settings are unchanged and the port member BPDSstr is
left unchanged.

See async_open for a more complete description of
these errors.

Remarks: If 7 data bits is selected the StripMask is set to
strip the high bit off incoming data. If 8 data bits
are selected the StripMask is disabled.

Valid baud rates are from 50 to 115200 baud. Parity
may be 'E'ven, 'N'one, or 'O'dd. The number of data
bits must be 7 or 8 and the number of stop bits must
be 1 or 2. Do not use spaces, commas, or any other
type of punctuation in the parameter string.

See also async_open, async_strip.






async_sndbrk
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Enable or disable a break signal

Format: void async_sndbrk(port, Brkflag);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int Brkflag; Set/Reset break signal flag

Example:

ASYNC *port;

/* send break for 50 msec */
async_sndbrk(port, 1); /* enable break signal */
delay(50MSEC); /* your delay function */
async_sndbrk(port, 0); /* disable break signal */


Returns: No return value

Remarks: This function causes the UART to send a continuous
break signal if it is called with the flag set to 1.
It must be called again with the flag set to 0 to
disable the break signal.






async_stat
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Get the current status of a port

Format: int async_stat(port, mask);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int mask; Mask applied to return value

Examples:

ASYNC *port;
int status;

/* status = all status bits */
status = async_stat(port, 0xffff);

/* check for XOFF received condition */
if (async_stat(port, B_XRXD))
do_something();


Returns: Returns Stat1/Stat2 status bits after masking them
with the passed mask value. Stat1 is the high byte
and Stat2 is the low byte of the return value.

Stat1 bit map:
Bit 7 = set if no carrier present
Bit 6 = receive ring buffer empty
Bit 5 = used by interrupt routines (always 0)
Bit 4 = break signal was detected
Bit 3 = framing error was detected
Bit 2 = parity error was detected
Bit 1 = character overrun error was detected
Bit 0 = receive ring buffer has overflowed

Stat2 bit map:
Bit 7 = carrier detect monitored for flow control
Bit 6 = XOFF rx'd or hardware flow control active
Bit 5 = data set ready monitored for flow control
Bit 4 = clear to send monitored for flow control
Bit 3 = transmit ring buffer is empty
Bit 2 = an XOFF has been sent by interrupt handler
Bit 1 = an XOFF has been received
Bit 0 = using XON/XOFF flow control






async_stat
---------------------------------------------------------------

Remarks: For some situations, it is more efficient to use one
of the other library functions targeted specifically
for the information you want. For instance, instead
of calling:
async_stat(port, B_XRXD);
use:
async_xrxd(port);

The information in the Stat1 byte is also returned as
the high byte of the async_rx function. Bits 0-4 of
Stat1 remain set until cleared by the async_reset
function.

Not all bits in the Stat2 and Stat1 port structure
members are kept updated on a constant basis so do not
try to check a condition by testing the Stat1 or Stat2
values in the ASYNC structure. Use one of the docu-
mented functions or macros to be sure of getting the
correct result.






async_stop
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Temporarily disables interrupt driven operation of an
already opened port.

Format: void async_stop(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int x, inhdl, outhdl, errhdl;

async_stop(port); /* release port */
/* redirect console to async port */
x = open("COM1", O_RDWR|O_BINARY);
inhdl = dup(0); outhdl = dup(1); errhdl = dup(2);
dup2(x, 0); dup2(x, 1); dup2(x, 2);
/* run a redirected DOS shell */
spawnlp(P_WAIT, "COMMAND.COM", "COMMAND.COM", NULL);
/* restore stdin, stdout, stderr */
close(x);
dup2(inhdl, 0); close(inhdl);
dup2(outhdl, 1); close(outhdl);
dup2(errhdl, 2); close(errhdl);
async_restart(port); /* regain control of port */

Returns: No return value

Remarks: Call this function before spawning a program that will
be doing its own port I/O, such as an external commun-
ications program or a redirected DOS shell. After the
other application has completed, call async_restart to
re-enable interrupt operation.

This function disables interrupts for the named port
by clearing UART's interrupt enable register and the
OUT2 bit of its modem control register.

See also async_restart.






async_strip
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Set the strip mask for received characters.

Format: void async_strip(port, mask);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
char mask; Strip mask

Example:

ASYNC *port;

async_strip(port, '\x7f');

Returns: No return value

Remarks: The strip mask is automatically set to 0x7f when the
parameters are set for 7 data bits and to 0xff when 8
data bits are used. All incoming data is ANDed with
the strip mask before it is placed in the receive ring
buffer. This function is implemented as a macro.






async_tx
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Send 1 character to a port.

Format: int async_tx(port, ch);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
char ch; Character to transmit

Example:

ASYNC *port;

/* send a CR/LF to a port */
async_tx(port, '\r');
async_tx(port, '\n');


Returns: Returns the number of bytes left available in the
transmit ring buffer unless the ring buffer was full
when the function was called. R_TXERR is returned if
the transmit ring buffer was full and the character
that was to be transmitted is not placed in the ring
buffer.

Remarks: The error return value, R_TXERR, is a negative number.
The bytes free return value can never be negative.

See also async_txblk, async_txfree.






async_txblk
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Send a block of characters to a port.

Format: int async_txblk(port, buf, count);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
char *buf; Pointer to block to transmit
int count; Size of block in bytes

Examples:

ASYNC *port;
char buf[128];
static char *msg = "Send this message\r\n");

put_data_in_buf();
async_txblk(port, buf, sizeof(buf));
async_txblk(port, msg, strlen(msg));

Returns: Returns the number of bytes left available in the
transmit ring buffer unless the ring buffer would not
hold the entire block when the function was called.
R_TXERR is returned if there was no room for the
block and none of the bytes in the block are sent.

Remarks: This function is much faster than using repeated calls
to async_tx when multiple bytes are being transmitted.
The error return value, R_TXERR, is a negative number.
The bytes free return value can never be negative.

See also async_tx, async_txfree.






async_txcnt (5.40)
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Returns the number of bytes in the transmit ring
buffer.

Format: int async_txcnt(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

BytesInTxBuf = async_txcnt(port);

Returns: Number of untransmitted bytes in the transmit ring
buffer.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro. If a 16550
is in the system with its FIFOs active, there may be
up to 16 (depends on what async_FIFOtxlvl is set at --
the default is 3 bytes) more bytes of untransmitted
data in the 16550 FIFOs plus 1 byte in the UART
transmit hold register. With no 16550 there may still
be up to 2 untransmitted bytes -- one in the UART's
transmit hold register and one in the UART's transmit
shift register. To monitor for a transmit buffer
empty condition use async_txempty.






async_txempty
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Checks if transmit ring buffer is empty.

Format: int async_txempty(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

/* wait for transmit ring buffer to empty out */
while (!async_txempty(port))
;

Returns: NZ if the transmit ring buffer is empty, ZR if the
buffer still has characters to be transmitted.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro. If a 16550
is in the system with its FIFOs active, there may be
up to 16 (depends on what async_FIFOtxlvl is set at --
the default is 3 bytes) more bytes of untransmitted
data in the 16550 FIFOs plus 1 byte in the UART
transmit hold register. With no 16550 there may still
be up to 2 untransmitted bytes -- one in the UART's
transmit hold register and one in the UART's transmit
shift register.






async_txflush
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Flushes the transmit ring buffer.

Format: void async_txflush(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

async_txflush(port);


Returns: No return value

Remarks: Clears the transmit ring buffer and -- if a 16550
operating in FIFO mode is in the system -- resets the
transmit FIFOs. All characters in the buffer that
have not been transmitted are lost.






async_txfree
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Returns the number of bytes left available in the
transmit ring buffer.

Format: int async_txfree(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int tx_bytes_available;

tx_bytes_available = async_txfree(port);


Returns: Number of bytes of free space left in the transmit
buffer.

Remarks: The number of free bytes left in the transmit ring
buffer is also the return value of async_tx and
async_txblk. This function is implemented as a macro.






async_xany
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Checks if accepting the first character after an XOFF
is received as the XON character. DOES NOT enable any
character XON (use async_xflow).

Format: int async_xany(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int rcode;

rcode = async_xany(port);

Returns: Not zero if first character after an XOFF is to be
treated as an XON. Zero if a real XON is required to
clear an XOFF.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro. See also
async_xflow.






async_xflow
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Enables/disables use of XON/XOFF flow control.

Format: void async_xflow(port, flag);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure
int flag; Enable/Disable & any char XON flag

Examples:

ASYNC *port;

async_xflow(port, B_XUSE); /* use flow control */
async_xflow(port, 0); /* disable flow control */

/* use XON/XOFF flow control with any char being
accepted as an XON */
async_xflow(port, B_XUSE | B_XONANY);

/* enable XON/XOFF on transmit side only */
async_xflow(port, B_XUSET);

/* enable XON/XOFF on receive side only */
async_xflow(port, B_XUSER);

Returns: No return value

Remarks: Passing B_XUSET enables the transmission of XON/XOFF
characters when the receive buffer fills to the 'trip'
levels discussed in the following paragraph. Incoming
XON/XOFFs are not regarded as flow control characters
and are stored in the ring buffer. Passing B_XUSER,
enables recognition of received XON/XOFFs as flow
characters but does not enable transmission of
XON/XOFF at the trip levels. If B_XUSE is passed,
both transmission and recognition of XON/XOFF as flow
characters is enabled (the same as B_XUSET | B_XUSER).
ORing B_XONANY with either B_XUSE or B_XUSER causes
the first character received after an XOFF to be
treated as the XON unless that character is another
XOFF. Passing zero as the flag disables XON/XOFF flow
control. The default is no flow control.






async_xflow
---------------------------------------------------------------

Remarks (continued):

The port structure member, XoffTrip, determines when
an XOFF will be sent. Whenever the number of bytes
left available in receive buffer falls below XoffTrip,
an XOFF is sent. The default value of XoffTrip is 25%
of the size of the receive buffer so an XOFF is sent
whenever the receive buffer is 75% full.

The port structure member, XonTrip, determines when an
XON will be sent. Whenever the number of bytes left
available in the receive buffer rises above XonTrip,
an XON will be sent. Its default value is 50% of the
size of the receive buffer.

The port structure member, XTxRptInit, determines how
many bytes may be received after an XOFF is sent
before another XOFF is sent. Its default value is
6.25% of the size of the receive buffer or 160 bytes,
whichever is less.

XoffTrip, XonTrip, and XTxRptInit may all be changed
from their default values by directly accessing the
port structure. To do this:

ASYNC *port;
/* send XOFF when 300 bytes left in rx ring buf */
port->XoffTrip = 300;
/* send XON when 350 bytes left in rx ring buf */
port->XonTrip = 350;

Be sure to keep the XonTrip level higher than the
XoffTrip level. The values are for bytes left
available not bytes used.

The XTxRptInit value is used to automatically send
another XOFF in the event the first one was ignored.
Instead of sending an XOFF character everytime another
character is received, the interrupt routines wait for
'XTxRptInit' characters to be received and then repeat
the XOFF. If this value is set to low some systems
that allow any character to be an XON will treat the
repeated XOFF character as an XON.






async_xoffclr
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Manually clears an XOFF received condition

Format: void async_xoffclr(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

async_xoffclr(port);

Returns: No return value

Remarks: Async_xoffclr has the same effect as if the remote
system had sent an XON. This will unstop the system
in the event a false XOFF is received or the remote's
XON was lost. Use this function with caution. Unless
something goes wrong, the remote will clear XOFF cond-
itions automatically by sending an XON. If an XOFF is
manually cleared, the remote site may be overran and
lose data. For use only when XON/XOFF flow control
has been activated.

See also async_xoffset.






async_xoffset
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Manually sets an XOFF received condition

Format: void async_xoffset(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

async_xoffset(port);

Returns: No return value

Remarks: Forces the local site to act as though an XOFF had
been received. Transmit interrupts are disabled until
the remote sends an XON or you call async_xoffclr.
For use only when XON/XOFF flow control has been
activated.

See also async_xoffclr.






async_xrxd
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Check if an XOFF has been received and has activated a
flow control halt.

Format: int async_xrxd(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int rcode;

rcode = async_xrxd(port);

Returns: Not zero if an XOFF has been received and an XON has
not been received to clear it. Returns zero if XOFF
flow halt is not currently active.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro. See also
async_xoffclr, async_xtxd.






async_xtxd
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Check if an XOFF has been sent

Format: int async_xtxd(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;
int rcode;

rcode = async_xtxd(port);

Returns: Not zero if an XOFF has not been sent by the receive
interrupt routine and an XON has not been sent to
clear it. Returns zero if an XOFF has not been sent.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro. See also
async_xoffclr, async_xrxd.






async_xuse
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Check if XON/XOFF protocol is currently being used

Format: int async_xuse(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

rcode = async_xuse(port);

Returns: Not zero if XON/XOFF protocol is being used on either
the transmit or receive sides, zero if XON/XOFF flow
is not being used at all.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro. See
async_xflow, async_xuset, async_xuser.






async_xuser
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Check if XON/XOFF protocol is enabled on the receive
side (receiver recognizes XON/XOFF as flow control).

Format: int async_xuser(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

rcode = async_xuser(port);

Returns: Not zero if XON/XOFF protocol is being used on the
receive side, zero if it is not.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro. See
async_xflow, async_xuset, async_xuse.






async_xuset
---------------------------------------------------------------

Purpose: Check if XON/XOFF protocol is enabled on the transmit
side (transmitter sends XOFF/XON as receive buffer
bytes available crosses trip levels).

Format: int async_xuset(port);
ASYNC *port; Pointer to ASYNC structure

Example:

ASYNC *port;

rcode = async_xuset(port);

Returns: Not zero if XON/XOFF protocol is being used on the
transmit side, zero if it is not.

Remarks: This function is implemented as a macro. See
async_xflow, async_xuser, async_xuse.



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